THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Volume  III  Number  1 


Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania 


Address 

By 

Hon.  Norris  Stanley  Barratt 


Colonial  Wars  in  America 

Address 

before  the 

Society  of  Colonial  Wars 
in  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania 

March  13th,  1913 


By 
Hon.  Norris  Stanley  Barratt,  LL.D. 

Judge  of  Court  Common  Pleas  No.  2  First  Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania  > 

Member  of  Historical  Societies  of  Pennsylvania,  Delaware  and  Virginia; 

Historian  and  Chairman  Board  of  Managers  Pennsylvania 

Society  Sons  of  the  Revolution 


Appendix 
List  of  Officers  and  Members,  1913 


Printed  by  Order  of  the  Society- 
March,  1913 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA 


Illustrations. 

Hon.  Norris  S.  Barratt frontispiece 

Facing  Page. 

Head  Piece — Indian  in  Canoe 3 

The  Rising  Sun 3 

!  Tablet  Brig.  General  John  Forbes 7 

,,  Tablet  Associated  Regiment  of  Foot  of  Philadelphia 9 

~  ( i  eorge  Cuthbert  Gillespies  Fire  Marks 9 

Portrait  Brig.  General  Henry  Bouquet 11 

Tablet  Swedish  Settlement  on  Delaware 13 

Tablet  Dutch  Settlement  on  Delaware 15 

Continental  or  Grand  Union  Flag 17 

First  National  Flag  of  the  United  States 19 

Benjamin  Franklin    21 

Portrait  William  Penn  by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller 23 

Wampum  Belt  given  to  William  Penn 23 

Arms  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia 24 

:  Portrait  John  Penn,  the  American 25 

T^Iap  showing  English  Colonies  in  America,  1765 27 

On  the  War  Path 29 

Indian  Attack  upon  Block  House  31 

Sun  Dial  from  Fort  Pitt 31 

<  leneral  Braddock 33 

Rev.  William  Smith,  Rector  of  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia.  35 

The  First  Fort  Pitt,  1758 36 

Indians  Delivering  English  Captives  to  Col.  Bouquet 37 

Fort  Pitt,  1759 39 

iii 


ti 


^4SS47 


IV 

Interior  of  a  Tepee  of  an  Indian  Chief 39 

Fort  Pitt,  1761 40 

Christ  Church,  Philadelphia 41 

Death  of  General  James  Wolfe 43 

Regimental  Colors  H.B.M  17th  Regiment  of  Foot 45 

Relics  and  Louisberg  Medallion  17th  Regiment  of  Foot. . .  47 

United  States  National  Flag,  1913 49 


Colonial  Wars  in  America. 


Tonight  we  meet  to  celebrate  the 
Twentieth  Anniversary  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Colonial  Wars  in  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Pennsylvania,  and  to 
me  has  been  accorded  the  distin- 
guished honor  of  saying  a  few 
words  to  you  about  the  Colonial 
Wars  in  America.  Your  ancestors 
protected  the  infant  colonies,  so 
that  my  topic  is  appropriate  to  the 
occasion, — to  talk  about  wars  to  the 
descendants  of  warriors  who  saved 
the  Colonies  when  in  visible  danger. 
I  have  in  mind  the  late  Senator 
Quay's  historic  advice  to  Governor 
Beaver  of  "Dear  Beaver.  Don't 
talk,"  to  which  I  would  add  an 
amendment,  if  you  do  talk  or  write,  weigh  your  words.  Also, 
Steele's  thought,  "When  a  man  has  no  design  but  to  speak 
plain  truth  he  may  say  a  great  deal  in  a  very  narrow  com- 

3 


pass";  so  I  shall  endeavor  to  guide  my  words  with  discretion. 
I  spent  last  summer  in  Chester,  Nova  Scotia,  and  I  met  there 
a  most  attractive  Philadelphia  woman,  a  raconteur,  thoroughly 
well  informed,  and  you  know  a  Philadelphia  woman  abroad 
''needs  no  eulogy,  she  speaks  for  herself."  She  told  me  a 
story  illustrating  the  value  of  weighing  words.  The  Bishop 
of  Gibraltar  was  visiting  his  brother  Bishop  of  Algiers.  'He 
mentioned  casually  his  great  interest  in  birds  and  that  he 
possessed  a  pair  of  emus.  They  are  like  an  ostrich,  but  as 
they  abandon  their  eggs  it  is  hard  to  raise  them  and  they 
are  rare  birds  indeed.  So  the  Bishop  left  careful  directions 
with  his  servants  about  the  care  and  feeding  of  the  birds 
before  leaving  Gibraltar.  He  received  a  cable  and  delighted 
with  it,  being  destitute  of  humor,  brought  the  message  direct 
to  the  Bishop  of  Algiers.  It  read  "The  female  emu  has  laid 
an  egg,  and  in  the  absence  of  your  Lordship,  we  have  placed 
it  under  the  biggest  goose  we  could  find." 

I  shall  not  utter  any  unkind  criticism,  nor  find  "flaws  in 
diamond  wit  of  the  first  waters, — motes  in  the  brightest  rays 
of  the  mind,  and  beams  in  the  eyes  of  truth."  I  shall  content 
myself  with  telling  a  plain,  unvarnished  tale,  relieved  by  a 
little  nonsense  occasionally,  as  it  is  not  inadmissible  when  it 
can  be  thus  harmlessly  indulged.  Nonsense,  humor,  anecdote, 
are  to  sense,  as  shade  to  light — they  heighten  effect.^ 

You  need  not  expect  from  me  great  learning  or  originality : 
as,  like  all  such  papers,  this  is  necessarily  based  upon  official 
records  and  authoritative  historical  works,  which  sources, 
however,  I  have  diligently  searched.  Nor  is  what  I  may  say 
to  be  considered  a  history  in  detail  of  the  Colonial  Wars,  but 
rather  a  brief  resume  of  the  same,  together  with  some  obser- 
vations which  occurred  to  me  as  pertinent  to  the  occasion  and 
the  topic  assigned  me. 

1  Frederick  Saunders,  pp.  41,  43,  45. 


The  Rev.  Dr.  George  P.  Donehoo  recently  said: 

'  *  History,  as  it  is  written,  is  divided  into  two  classes,  sacred 
and  profane.  Sacred  history  is  a  correct  narration  of  events, 
in  their  true  relation  to  each  other.  Profane  history  is  the 
narration  of  the  events  which  the  writer  wishes  to  record, 
presented  without  any  regard  whatever  to  the  events  which 
are  not  recorded.  It  is  called  'profane'  because  it  makes  the 
critical  student  of  history  swear  when  he  reads  it. 

"The  writer  of  sacred  history  sees  beyond  the  details  in 
the  foreground  of  action  to  the  causes  which  make  those  ac- 
tions possible.  The  writer  of  profane  history  sees  the  ant 
hill,  just  before  his  line  of  vision,  but  cannot  see  the  moun- 
tains which  lie  beyond  it.  He  is,  of  a  truth,  recording  the 
events  which  he  sees,  but  the  thing  which  he  sees  does  not 
make  a  complete  vision  of  things  as  they  are.  He  is  too  short- 
sighted. This  is  one  of  the  reasons  why  historians  differ  in 
their  records  of  the  same  events.  One  is  a  historian,  the  other 
is  a  'reporter.'  "- 

It  is  perhaps  only  just  to  say  at  this  point  that  a  Phila- 
delphian  who  possesses  in  a  marked  degree  this  historic  sense, 
as  did  the  late  Thompson  Westcott  in  his  day,  who  has  done 
and  is  doing  so  much  to  preserve  our  history  by  his  most 
interesting  articles  in  The  Evening  Bulletin,  is  its  accom- 
plished Editor-in-Chief  William  Perrine,  Esq.,  whom  you  are 
familiar  with  under  the  name  of  "Penn,"  to  whom  we  owe  a 
debt  of  gratitude.  He  is  a  great  editor,  of  the  type  of  Greeley, 
Bennett,  Dana,  Forney,  Medill,  Halstead,  McMichael  and 
Watterson,  with  the  broadest  views  of  public  questions.  And 
he  knows  Philadelphia  and  her  history  well,  and  he  writes 
entertainingly  and  appreciatively  about  her  past.  His  arti- 
cles have  suggested  much  to  me,  which  I  take  pleasure  in 
acknowledging. 

2  ' '  Christian  F.  Post 's  Part  in  Capture  of  Fort  Duquesne, ' '  The  Penn 
Germania,  Vol.  II,  No.  1,  p.  1. 


"Histhry  is  a  post-mortem  examination.  It  tells  you  what 
a  counthry  died  iv,  but  I  would  like  to  know  what  it  lived 
iv,"  says  the  humorous  E.  P.  Dunne,  in  which  there  is  truth. 
I  have  frequently  found  myself  upon  the  same  road  travelled 
by  many  good  and  worthy  men  before  me,  and  I  have  taken 
advantage  of  their  labors  and  conclusions  freely,  as  well  as 
to  verify  my  own  original  investigations.  Indeed  one  feels 
embarrassment  by  the  wealth  of  original  material  because  it 
is  a  large  subject  and  has  occupied  many  minds.  An  original 
record  suggests  a  statement,  and  one  writes  a  paragraph, 
only  to  subsequently  find  the  same  thought  better  expressed 
in  print.  One  then  realizes  the  truth  of  those  delightful 
lines  of  Kipling's  in  his  "Barrack  Room  Ballads  on  Pla- 
giarism": 

When  'Omer  smote  'is  bloomin'  lyre, 
He'd  'eard  men  sing  by  land  an'  sea; 
An'  ^hat  he  thought  'e  might  require, 
'E  went  and  took — the  same  as  me! 

The  market  girls  and  fishermen. 
The  shepherds  an'  the  sailors,  too 
They   'eard  old  songs  turn  up  again. 
But  kep'  it  quiet — same  as  you! 

They  knew   'e  stole;    'e  knew  they  knowed. 
They  didn't  tell,  nor  make  a  fuss. 
But  winked  at    'Omer   down   the   road, 
An'    'e  winked  back — the  same  as  us. 

And  one  solaces  himself  with  the  thought,  that  all  historical 
writings  are  more  or  less  compilations,  and  one  is  no  worse 
tlian  the  others  beginning  with  Homer,  who  like  Montaigne, 
Charron,  Corneille,  Shakespeare,  Milton,  Gray,  Byron,  Pope, 
Cowper,  Goldsmith  and  Addison  were  guilty  of  literary 
larcenies^  althougli  I  still  have  in  mind  the  query  propounded 
by   Professor   Amandus   Johnson   of   the    Swedish    Colonial 

3  ' '  Salad  for  the  Solitary, ' '  Frederick  Saunders,  London,  1885,  p.  462. 


TABLET    ERECTED    BY    OUR    SOCIETY    IN    CHANCEL   OF    CHRIST    CHURCH, 

PHILADELPHIA. 


Society  who  asks  "Whether  there  ever  was  an  honest  literary- 
man  in  this  world?  And  whether  anybody  ever  had  an  idea 
of  his  own  which  was  not  taken  from  somebody  else?"  But 
you  know  inspiration  and  influence  come  from  somewhere — 
and  after  all,  finished  goods  must  be  manufactured  from 
materials  of  some  kind.  Having  settled  this  point  to  your 
satisfaction,  I  can  proceed  with  more  confidence.  I  merely  sug- 
gest this  in  passing,  because  a  year  or  so  ago  I  received  a  note 
of  congratulation  upon  an  address  I  had  made,  from  an  old 
lady  of  child-like  faith  in  the  West,  who  was  under  the  im- 
pression that  I  was  personally  present  in  1784,  a  mere  128 
years  ago,  and  helped  to  organize  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  America.  When  she  wrote  she  was  glad  "I  told 
all  about  it  before  I  died. '  '^ 

Our  Society  is  formed  to  celebrate  the  events  of  Colonial 
history  from  the  settlement  of  Jamestown,  Virginia,  the  first 
permanent  English  settlement  in  America,  to  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  April  9,  1775,  and  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
those  events  and  of  the  men  who  were  the  founders  of  this 
nation,  and  to  inspire  in  its  members  the  fraternal  and 
patriotic  spirits  of  their  forefathers,  and  in  the  community, 
respect  and  reverence  for  those  whose  public  services  made 
our  freedom  and  unity  possible,  remembering  it  was  Sir  Boyle 
Roche  who  first  suggested  that  "we  should  not  put  ourselves 
out  of  the  way  to  do  anything  for  posterity,  for  what  has 
posterity  done  for  us?  And  by  posterity  I  do  not  mean  our 
ancestors,  but  those  who  are  to  come  immediately  after  them. ' ' 
What  Editor  George  W.  Ochs  in  the  Public  Ledger  so  admir- 
ably said  about  the  most  gorgeous  pageant  which  America 
has  yet  seen,  the  Historical  Pageant  of  1912  in  Fairmount 
Park,  and  for  which  he  deserves  our  thanks  and  apprecia- 
tion, is  apposite : 

4"Barratt's  Chapel  and  Methodism,"  Papers  LVII,  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Delaware,  Norris  S.  Barratt,  1911. 


8 

"The  Pageant  was  inspired  by  a  commendable  desire  to 
educate  the  present  generation  and  to  recall  the  historical 
background  upon  which  the  reputation  of  Philadelphia  rests 
today.  This  inspiration  brought  to  the  service  of  the  Pageant 
a  multitude  of  citizens,  young  and  old,  who  received  their 
first  experience  in  public  usefulness,  and  the  collective  result 
of  their  effort  was  a  splendid  spectacle,  which  will  never  be 
forgotten  by  those  who  saw  it.  The  Pageant  spread  the  fame 
of  the  city  far  and  wide,  it  emphasized  and  recalled  important 
epochs  in  the  city's  past,  and  it  illustrated  a  possibility  of 
public  entertainment  long  neglected  in  this  country."^ 

We  are  celebrating  an  anniversary.  Let  us  pause  for  a 
moment  and  review  briefly  the  past  twenty  years  of  our  exist- 
ence as  a  Society  and  see  what  we  have  done. 

1.  November  27,  1898,  we  erected  in  Christ  Church,  Phila- 
delphia, a  Memorial  Tablet  of  Brigadier  General  John  Forbes, 
Commander  of  his  ]\Iajesty's  troops  in  the  Southern  Province 
of  North  America,  which  was  unveiled  on  the  140th  anni- 
versary of  the  ' '  Capture  of  Fort  Duquesne, ' '  upon  which  sub- 
ject our  Chaplain,  the  Right  Reverend  Cortlandt  Whitehead, 
S.T.D.,  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  addressed  us. 

2.  We  presented,  March,  1900,  to  the  City  of  Philadelphia 
the  portrait  of  Brigadier  General  Henry  Bouquet,  1719-1765, 
to  be  hung  in  Independence  Hall,  our  then  Deputy  Governor 
Dr.  Edward  Shippen,  U.S.N.,  reading  a  '*]\Iemoir  of  Henry 
Bouquet. ' ' 

3.  We  placed  a  bronze  tablet  of  appropriate  design  in  the 
State  House,  January  9,  1903,  commemorating  the  145th 
anniversary  of  the  organization  of  the  Associated  Regiment 
of  Foot  of  Philadelphia,  the  historical  address  being  made  by 
Frederick  Prime,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Lieutenant  Governor  of  the 
Society. 

6  Public  Ledger,  November  17,  1912,  p,  8. 


I.  "a 

.-  C  c 

t  E  c  S  y  g 

<3  *i  <:  ^  ?  ^ 


a  S  ^  c  *: 


k^cx-kr  X'^ 


Papers  have  been  read  before  the  Society  as  follows : 

4.  Dr.  Persifor  Frazer,  November  27,  1903,  "Some  Wars 
in  Science." 

5.  In  1904  George  Cuthbert  Gillespie,  Esq.,  "Early  Fire 
Protection,  Fire  Insurance  Companies  and  the  Use  of  Fire 
Marks." 


6.  December  9,  1905,  Francis  Howard  Williams,  Esq., 
"American  Literature  in  the  Colonial  Period." 

7.  March  8,  1906,  George  Champlin  Mason,  Esq.,  "En- 
vironment the  Basis  of  Colonial  Architecture." 

8.  April  25,  1894,  Francis  Olcott  Allen,  Esq.,  "The  Colo- 
nial Flag." 

9.  January  20,  1900,  Brigadier  General  Louis  H.  Carpen- 
ter, "While  yet  the  old-time  chivalry  in  Knightly  bosoms 
burned." 

10.  March  12,  1908,  Edwin  Swift  Balch,  Esq.,  "Art  in 
America  before  the  Revolution." 

11.  February  6,  1909,  the  Society  erected  at  South  En- 
trance of  the  City  Hall,  Philadelphia,  two  bronze  tablets  of 
artistic  design,  by  our  fellow  member  George  Champlin 
Mason,  Esq.,  in  commemoration  of  the  Dutch  and  Swedish 
Settlements  upon  the  Delaware.  In  the  evening  at  the  ban- 
quet held  at  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  presided 
over  by  Deputy  Governor  Dr.  Frederick  Prime,  Henry  Dar- 
rach,  Esq.,  read  a  historical  paper  in  the  shape  of  a  Report 
of  the  Committee  on  Monuments  and  Memorials,  showing 
much  study  and  research  ' '  and  that  these  tablets  were  erected 


10 

by  the  Society  to  remind  the  present  and  future  generations 
that  this  country  is  indebted  to  Holland  and  Sweden  for 
having  enriched  it  by  their  blood,  their  principles  and  wealth." 
Addresses  were  made  by  Hon.  Jonkheer  J.  Loudon,  Minister 
of  the  Netherlands  to  the  United  States;  Hon.  H.  L.  F.  de 
Lagercrantz,  Minister  of  Sweden  to  the  United  States;  Hon. 
M.  Hampton  Todd,  Attorney  General  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  Pennsjdvania ;  Hon.  John  E.  Reyburn,  Mayor  of  the  City 
of  Philadelphia ;  Martin  G.  Brumbaugh,  Esq.,  Ph.D.,  and  How- 
land  Pell,  Esq.,  Vice  Governor  General  of  the  General  Society 
of  Colonial  Wars. 

12.  :\Iarch  10,  1910,  Charles  Chauncey  Binney,  Esq.,  "The 
Suffrage  and  Elections  in  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania." 

13.  February  20,  1911,  S.  Davis  Page,  Esq.,  "The  Sailing 
of  the  'Ark'  and  the  'Dove'  from  Cowesin  the  Isle  of  Wight." 

14.  March  9,  1911,  Louis  Barcroft  Runk,  Esq.,  "Fort 
Louisburg — Its  Two  Sieges  and  Site  Today." 

15.  March  14,  1912,  Charles  Wetherill,  Esq.,  "The  Influ- 
ence of  the  Quakers  on  our  Colonial  Affairs." 

All  these  very  valuable  and  interesting  addresses  have  been 
published  by  the  Society,  in  order  to  preserve  them,  and  have 
not  only  served  to  inform  us  of  colonial  happenings,  but  are 
of  great  interest  and  value  to  students  of  history  who  have 
occasion  to  consult  them.  As  a  whole  you  are  to  be  congratu- 
lated upon  the  good  work  done  by  the  Society,  but  it  is  only 
a  beginning,  as  Philadelphia  is  rich  in  places  and  events 
which  should  be  appropriately  marked  by  tablets,  and  of  his- 
toric material  worthy  of  preservation  and  study;  so  there 
remains  much  more  to  do.  Philadelphia  Colonial  history  is 
most  interesting,  unique,  and  unlike  any  other  American  city, 
by  reason  of  its  having  been  not  only  the  chief  city  but  the 
first  Capitol  of  the  American  nation,  and  those  historic  monu- 
ments which  still  remain  we  hold  in  trust  for  the  American 
nation  for  their  education  and  enjoyment. 


*•" 


RY  BOUQUET,    17iy- 1765 


HENRY    BOUQUET,    ROYAL   AMERICAN    REGIMENT. 

PRESENTED    BY    OUR    SOCIETY    TO    THE    CITY    OF    PHILADELPHIA    AND    HUNG    IN 
INDEPENDENCE  HALL,  MARCH,   1900. 


11 

Our  ancestors  struggled  for  power,  place  and  position,  and 
the  emoluments  thereunto  belonging,  and  some  were  success- 
ful, and  after  it  was  secured  called  it  either  recognition  or 
Divine  Providence.  A  man  has  this  advantage  over  a  dog 
because  he  does  not  have  to  show  his  pedigree  to  obtain  recog- 
nition. If  they  were  unsuccessful  they  growled  in  private  and 
wrote  letters  to  Franklin's  Pennsylvania  Gazette,  or  The 
Aurora,  upon  such  important  subjects  as  "The  proper  method 
of  building  chimneys  that  will  not  smoke,  asking  why  swine, 
hogs  and  pigs  are  permitted  to  go  at  large  in  the  towns  of 
Philadelphia,  Chester  and  Bristol,  demanding  proper  regula- 
tions for  lighting  and  watching  the  streets  by  night  and  sup- 
porting at  common  charge  a  suitable  number  of  pumps,"  or 
complaining  the  times  were  corrupt  and  out  of  joint  and 
predicting  the  usual  calamities,  modestly  signing  themselves. 
Pro  Bono  Publico,  Veritas,  The  Timid  Subscriber  or  Brutus. 
It  is  a  satisfaction  to  ascertain  the  origin  of  this  old  Phila- 
delphia custom. 

Macauley  tells  us  "A  people  which  takes  no  pride  in  the 
achievements  of  remote  ancestors  will  never  achieve  anything 
to  be  remembered  by  remote  descendants."  The  test  today 
is  not  who  were  your  ancestors  or  what  they  did — But  who 
are  you  and  what  are  you  doing?  If  in  the  language  of  the 
day  you  are  making  good,  very  well,  you  are  maintaining  the 
family  name  creditably.  If  not,  you  are  disgracing  it,  and 
with  it  your  ancestors  from  whom  you  have  inherited  the 
name.  Judge  Hand,  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  of 
the  Southern  District  of  New  York,  must  have  thought  of  this 
when  in  the  case  of  Marie  Cahill  v.  Harris,  he  made  the  fol- 
lowing order  "Let  a  writ  go  pendente  lite  forbidding  the 
defendant  from  publishing  the  chorus  of  his  song  'I  think  I 
hear  a  woodpecker  knocking  on  My  Family  Tree. '  ' '° 

6  Marie  Cahill  v.  Harris,  175  Fed.  Eep.,  875  and  877. 


12 

Those  descended  from  real  warriors  may  perhaps  have  Mrs. 
Kelly's  views  of  ancestors: 

' '  Have  you  any  ancestors,  Mrs.  Kelly  ? ' '  asked  Mrs.  0  'Brien. 

"Phat's  ancistors?" 

"Why,  people  you  sprung  from." 

"Listen  to  me,  Mrs.  O'Brien,"  said  Mrs.  Kelley,  impress- 
ively. "Oi  come  from  the  rale  sthoek  of  Donahues  that 
sphring  from  nobody.     They  sphring  at  thim. ' ' 

We  come  together  socially  for  enjoyment  and  to  revive  the 
old  times,  and  we  find  it  both  interesting  and  instructive. 
Not  in  any  sense  of  self  glorification  or  upon  the  pretense 
that  our  emigrant  ancestors,  the  rude  forefathers  of  the  ham- 
let, whose  merits  I  shall  not  seek  to  disclose,  were  demigods 
or  men  of  genius  with  an  exceptional  endowment  of  brains 
and  more  important  and  better  in  any  respect  than  others  in 
the  Colonies,  but  simply  that  they  did  their  duty  to  their 
country  and  their  king,  and  that  we  desire  to  collect  and  pre- 
serve such  manuscripts,  rolls,  relics  and  records  as  show  it, 
especially  as  it  is  now  of  historic  interest.  You  may  recall 
in  his  "Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies,"  p.  308,  the  historian 
Fiske  states,  "In  the  minds  of  many  people  democracy  rests 
on  the  colossal  untruth  that  one  man  is  as  good  as  another," 
and  adds,  "The  only  sense  in  which  this  can  be  true  is  the 
Irishman 's.  '  Why  Patrick  isn  't  one  man  as  good  as  another  ? 
Faith  he  is,  your  Honor,  and  a  damn  sight  better.'  " 

My  friend,  the  late  Judge  Henry  J.  McCarthy  of  the  Su- 
perior Court  of  Pennsylvania,  noted  for  his  learning  and  wit, 
had  this  to  say :  "In  these  days  when  so  many  of  our  friends 
are  making  keen  and  thirsty  examinations  of  colonial  records 
and  other  forgotten  lore,  in  support  of  ancestral  claims,  a 
feeling  steals  o'er  me  at  times  that  I  am  a  sort  of  nullius 
fillius,  and  while  dear  old  Douglass  Jerrold  comforts  me  by 
stating  that  so  many  people  are  'now  the  children  of  mere 


>qS!i•IN•COM^fEl 
•THE-SWEDFSW 

SETTLEMENTS 

ON^THEDELAmRE 

1638-1655 


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FwrT 


ofcT  sm  ^i 


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iiSb 


I  Nil  MliMligMMm 


13 

nobodies  that  all  the  prejudices  on  this  point  against  inno- 
cent parties  are  become  quite  obsolete  as  they  ought  to  be,' 
yet  I  sometimes  wish  that  I  were  a  genuine  antique,  and  that 
I  could  dream  that  I  dwelt  in  marble  halls  where  I  was  the 
hope  and  the  pride.  To  be  frank  with  you,  however,  my 
ancestors  since  the  great  battle  of  Clontarf  participated  in  so 
many  revolutions,  that  it  would  be  invidious  in  me  to  attach 
myself  to  any  of  these  modern  organizations."^ 

As  to  qualifications  for  membership  in  hereditary  societies, 
I  recall  our  genial  Lieutenant  Governor  S.  Davis  Page,  Esq., 
solemnly  saying  to  me  on  one  occasion,  however  with  a  twinkle 
in  his  eye,  ''Barratt,  a  man  must  have  a  clean  shirt  and  an 
ancestor  before  his  claim  can  be  considered."  And  some  of 
our  ancestors  may  have  possessed  characters  and  attainments 
similar  to  those  which  brought  forth  the  suggestion  from 
Junius  in  his  letter  to  the  Duke  of  Grafton:  "I  do  not  give 
you  to  posterity  as  a  pattern  to  imitate  but  as  an  example  to 
deter."  With  some  diffidence  I  also  refer  you  to  the  Epistle 
of  Paul  to  Titus,  Chapter  3,  9th  verse,  of  the  Holy  Bible.  He 
admonished  Titus,  the  first  Bishop  of  the  Church  of  the 
Cretians,  from  Nicopalis  of  Macedonia:  "But  avoid  foolish 
questions,  and  genealogies,  and  contentions,  and  strivings 
about  the  law ;  for  they  are  unprofitable  and  vain. ' ' 

I  think  I  ought  to  confess  that  my  own  membership  in  this 
Society  of  War  is  by  right  of  descent  from  a  peaceful  Quaker, 
one  John  Curtis,  a  relative  of  the  Rodneys  of  Delaware,  who 
emigrated  from  Bristol,  England,  prior  to  February  22, 
1681-2,^  settling  in  Kent  County,  Delaware,  and  who  was  a 
member  of  the  first  Pennsylvania  Assembly  held  by  William 
Perm,  at  Philadelphia,  from  Kent  County  in  1682-3  and  1684-5, 

7  "Year  Book  Sons  of  Delaware,"  1897,  p.  41.  Clontarf,  a  small 
eastern  suburb  of  Dublin,  Ireland.  Here  April  23,  1014,  Brian  Boru, 
King  of  Ireland,  defeated  the  Danes  and  the  rebels  of  Leinster. 

8  Warrant  to  John  Curtis  1200  acres,  Milfordneck,  2,  22,  1681,  War- 
rant Book,  p.  40,  Dover  Delaware. 


14 

and  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Council,  otherwise  called 
Governor's  Penn's  Council,  1689-90,  1691-7  until  his  death 
April  30,  1698,  and  is  based  upon  these  civil  positions  of  high 
trust  and  responsibility  held  by  him." 

He  did  not  believe  in  war  even  to  the  extent  of  surj?epti- 
tiously  subscribing  money  for  it  or  to  purchase  "bread,  beef, 
pork,  flour,  wheat  and  other  grain  i.  e.  powder,  bullets  or 
muskets  for  the  militia,  or  the  King's  use,"  the  favorite  means 
adopted  by  some  Friends  to  evade  the  rules  and  discipline  of 
their  society,  so  I  cannot  claim  a  war  record  for  him.^" 
Alfred  G.  Clay,  Esq.,  of  the  Philadelphia  Bar,  and  myself 
share  the  responsibility  of  being  his  descendants,  with  becom- 
ing modesty,  as  well  as  seeing  that  his  well-merited  reputation 
is  maintained.  I  might  add  I  had  other  great-great-great- 
grandfathers who  were  Irish,  Scotch,  French,  English,  Ger- 
man and  Swedish,  who  may  have  been  warriors  in  colonial 
times,  although  I  have  never  searched  to  find  out.  I  think  you 
are  entitled  to  this  explanation  because  you  may  think  some 
of  my  opinions  do  not  savor  of  the  peaceful  Friend  but  of 
war,  and  that  if  they  had  been  expressed  in  meeting  my 
expulsion  would  have  been  assured  if  I  had  found  myself  a 
birthright  member,  instead  of  having  lost  it  in  colonial  times 
by  the  indiscretions  of  my  later  Quaker  ancestors  who  were 
expelled  or  disowned  because  "they  were  married  out  of 
meeting  and  by  a  hireling  priest,"  which  was  the  quaint 
language  of  those  early  days  among  orthodox  Friends  for  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England. 

oDuke  of  York's  Laws,  485,  495,  509,  523,  531.  Penna.  Archives, 
2(1  series,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  659-623.  General  Register  Society  of  Colonial 
Wars,  John  Curtis,  p.  87.  General  Register  Society  of  Colonial  Wars, 
Maryland,  John  Curtis,  p.  10  and  12,  For  Barratt  Genealogy  see  Vol. 
Ill,  Colonial  Families  of  the  U.  S.  by  George  Norbury  MacKenzie, 
Lieut.  Governor  of  Md.  Soc.  Colonial  Wars  (1912),  p.  30. 

10 "Pennsylvania,  Colony  and  Commonwealth,"  S.  G.  Fisher,  pp.  88, 
94,  95,  164,  167,  170,  194. 


15 

The  Charter  gave  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  power  to 
muster  and  train  men  and  to  make  war  upon  and  pursue  an 
enemy  even  beyond  the  limits  of  the  province.  Pennsylvania 
tried  to  organize  a  militia  in  1694,  but  the  Assembly  defeated 
a  bill  with  that  end  in  view  on  second  reading.  Governor 
Andrew  Hamilton,  however,  granted  a  commission  to  raise  a 
militia  in  1701,  and  a  company  of  which  Attorney  General 
George  Lowther  was  Captain  was  raised  in  Philadelphia.  In 
1704  there  were  three  companies  in  Philadelphia,  three  in 
Newcastle,  two  in  Kent  and  one  in  Sussex,  but  their  only 
military  exploit,  besides  parades  and  drills,  was  to  fire  a 
salute  over  the  grave  of  Lieutenant  Governor  William  ]\Iark- 
ham.  In  1708,  during  "Queen  Anne's  War,"  Pennsylvania 
was  asked  to  furnish  150  men  and  the  necessary  officers  to 
assist  in  the  defense  of  the  colonies  from  the  attacks  of  the 
French  and  Indians.  Governor  Gookin  asked  the  Assembly 
for  a  grant  of  £4,000,  but  was  told  by  the  House  "that  they 
could  not  in  conscience  provide  money  to  hire  men  to  kill 
each  other."  Two  years  later  £2,000  was  voted.  King 
George's  War  found  Philadelphia  as  defenseless  as  in  the 
time  of  Queen  Anne.  While  there  was  no  law  authorizing  it. 
Governor  Thomas  raised  400  men  in  1740,  which  was  Penn- 
sylvania's quota,  and  succeeded  in  enlisting  seven  companies 
in  the  space  of  three  months.  It  was  not  until  1747,  when 
advocated  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  that  a  military  associa- 
tion was  formed  by  twelve  hundred  men  called  the  "asso- 
ciated companies,"  to  which  we  erected  a  tablet  in  Independ- 
ence Hall.^^  In  a  year  this  volunteer  organization  in  the 
Province  was  twelve  thousand  horse,  foot  and  artillery.     In 

""History  of  Philadelphia,"  John  Eussell  Young,  Vol.  II,  1898, 
p.  139.  "Pennsylvania,  Colonial  and  Federal,"  Jenkins,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
335,  351.  "Pennsylvania,  Province  and  State,"  BoUes,  Vol.  I,  p.  313. 
"Pennsylvania,  Colony  and  Commonwealth,"  S.  G.  Fisher,  pp.  43,  69, 
93,  169,  171,  174,  195,  241,  315,  331. 


16 

1756  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia  there  were  three  of  these 
companies  with  a  total  of  seventeen  officers  and  two  hundred 
and  sixty  privates;  one  troop  of  horse  with  five  officers  and 
forty  men,  and  one  battery  of  artillery  with  three  officers  and 
one  hundred  and  fifty  men. 

In  1745,  the  King's  troops  encamped  "out  of  town"  north 
of  Pegg's  marsh,  in  the  District  of  Northern  Liberties.  This 
and  the  subsequent  construction  in  1753  of  the  Barracks  gave 
rise  to  the  name  of  "Campington";  afterwards  by  common 
use,  altered  to  ''Camptown."  These  barracks  extended  from 
the  present  Second  to  Third,  and  from  Tammany  to  Green 
Street,  occupying  a  whole  square  of  ground.  It  was  built  up 
upon  three  sides;  the  officer's  quarters  being  a  large  building 
in  the  center  of  the  front  on  Third  Street  which  was  used  as 
late  as  1853  as  the  Commissioner's  Hall.  The  rear  end  was 
open  and  fenced  in,  and  Second  Street,  was  there  first  desig- 
nated by  a  causeway  of  timber,  stone  and  earth,  extending 
from  the  southern  bank  of  Pegg's  marsh  passing  northward 
by  the  rear  end  of  the  Barrack  lot  to  the  present  Green  Street. 
These  barracks  were  constructed  just  after  Braddock's  defeat 
for  the  express  purpose  of  accommodating  the  troops  "at  a 
distance  from  the  city,  and  the  built  parts." 

England  during  the  Colonial  period  had  the  following 
rulers : 

Charles  II  from  May  29,  1660,  for  37  years. 

James  II  from  February  6,  1685,  for  4  years. 

William  and  Mary  from  February  13,  1689,  for  14  years. 

Anne  from  March  8,  1702,  for  13  years. 

George  I  from  August  1,  1714,  for  13  years. 

George  II  from  June  11,  1727,  for  34  years. 

George  III  from  October  25,  1760,  for  60  years. 

So  the  colonies  in  America  existed  for  over  one  hundred 


I 

J 


CONTINENTAL    OR    GRAND    UNION     FLAG 


17 

and  thirty  years  under  English  rule,  and  the  part  taken  in  the 
Colonial  Wars  by  your  ancestors  was  as  Englishmen  fighting 
as  loyal  subjects  of  the  King.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
"Great  Britain  produced  a  race  of  heroes,  who  in  moments 
of  danger  and  terror  have  stood  firm  as  the  rocks  of  their 
native  shore,  and  when  half  the  world  has  been  arrayed 
against  them,  they  have  fought  the  battles  of  their  country 
with  unshaken  fortitude."^' 

This  status  remained  until  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
July  4,  1776,  which  ended  the  colonial  periodr'  The  war  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies  was  a  civil  war,  until 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  when  it  became  a  public 
war  between  independent  governments."  We  were  then  thir- 
teen separate  and  independent  colonies,  i.  e.,  each  a  union  of 
citizens  v;ho  had  left  their  country  to  people  another  and 
remain  subject  to  the  mother  country,  bringing  with  them  as 
their  birthright  the  laws  of  England,^*  and  did  not  constitute 
one  nation  until  after  the  Revolution  and  the  adoption  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

The  United  States  of  America,  in  its  political  or  govern- 
mental sense,  is  the  republic  or  federal  state,  whose  organic 
law  is  the  constitution  adopted  by  the  people  of  the  thirteen 
states,  which  declared  their  independence  of  Great  Britain 
July  4th,  1776.^^  The  people  of  the  United  States  established 
a  national  government  with  sovereign  powers  legislative, 
executive  and  judicial.^"  The  powers  of  sovereignty  are 
divided  between  the  federal  and  state  governments  under  the 
complex  federal  system.      They  are  each  sovereign  with  re- 

12 " Historical  Record,  17  Regiment  of  Foot,  Cannon,"  London, 
1848,  p.  6. 

13  Ware  v.  Hilton,  3  Dallas  U.  S.,  199-224.  Legal  Tender  eases,  12 
Wall   (U.  S.),  555. 

1*  United  States  v.  The  Nancy,  3  Wash.  Cir.  Ct.,  1814,  287.  Blankard 
V.  Galdy,  2  Salk,  411. 

15  Anderson's  Law  Dictionary. 

1"  McOullough  V.  Maryland,  4  Wheat.   (U.  S.),  316.  .  ^ 

3L  kc^JicKl"  '•!<''/'' ''i/j^T^Z^^ 


■Ldi, 


18 


speet  to  the  rights  committed  to  it,  and  neither  sovereign, 
with  respect  to  the  rights  committed  to  the  other."  The 
union  formed  between  the  original  states  and  between  them 
and  those  thereafter  admitted  is  indissoluble.  All  the  pro- 
visions of  the  constitution  look  to  an  indestructible  union  of 
indestructible  states.^^  "That  the  United  States  form,  for 
many  and  most  important  purposes,  a  single  nation  has  not 
yet  been  denied.  In  war  we  are  one  people.  In  making  peace 
we  are  one  people.     In  all  commercial  relations  we  are  one 


and  the  same  people.  In  many  other  respects  the  American 
people  are  one ;  and  the  government  which  is  alone  capable  of 
controlling  and  managing  their  interests  in  all  these  respects 
is  the  government  of  the  Union.  It  is  their  government  and 
in  that  character  they  have  no  other.  "^®  But  from  the 
moment  of  their  association  the  United  States  necessarily 
became  a  body  corporate,  for  there  was  no  superior  from 

IT  Judges  Opinion  to  Governor,  14  Gray  (Mass.),  614-616. 
18  See  "United  States,"  F.  N.  Judson,  39  Cyc,  693. 
18  Cohens  v.  Virginia,  6  Wheat.    (U.  S.),  413.     Chae  Chan  Ping  v. 
United  States,  130  U.  S.,  604.    Lane  Co.  v.  Oregon,  7  Wall  (U.  S.),  71. 


•  ^ 


FIRST    NATIONAL    FLAG    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 


19 

whom  that  character  could  otherwise  be  derived.'"  Even 
then,  while  we  were  one  people,  one  nation,  one  power  as  to 
foreign  nations  as  between  ourselves  each  State  retained  all 
powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States,  and  we  may  say 
our  motto  ' '  E  Pluribus  Unum ' '  states  the  method  and  extent 
of  our  union,  although  to  foreigners  we  are  a  unit  and  present 
an  undivided  sovereignty.^^  Yet  as  between  ourselves  our 
central  government  is  ''one  composed  of  many"  states  and 
we  recognize  only  the  people  as  the  fountain  of  all  sovereignty, 
by  whom  and  for  whom  all  government  exists  and  acts.^- 

War  is  an  armed  contest  to  maintain  the  rights  of  a  nation 
or  to  bring  about  a  settlement  of  its  disputes  with  other 
nations,  and  when  war  exists  between  two  nations,  every  indi- 
vidual of  the  one  is  at  war  with  every  individual  of  the  other ; 
although  modern  international  law  has  attempted  with  some 
success  to  confine  the  contest  to  the  armies  of  the  contesting 
powers  and  relieve  non-combatants  from  loss  and  suffering  as 
much  as  possible. 

Life  is  a  battle  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave,  unless  one  is  a 
diplomatist  and  always  successful  in  avoiding  issues.  Edu- 
cation means  simply  arms  and  equipment  for  the  contest.  If 
we  are  unable  to  use  this  equipment  to  advantage  we  are  not 
educated,  because  if  we  do  not  know  how  to  fight  the  battle 
of  life  we  have  not  profited  by  our  training  and  education  and 
it  has  been  a  failure  so  far  as  we  are  concerned.  That  war 
has  its  uses  and  blessings  cannot  be  denied.  No  less  an 
authority  than  Bishop  Joseph  F.  Berry,  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  of  Pennsylvania,  conceded  it  when  he 
stated : 

soRepublica  v.  Sweers,  1  Dallas  U.  S.,  41  (1779),  McKean,  C,  J. 
Dickson  v.  U.  S.,  1  Brock,  177.     U.  S.  v.  Maurice,  2  Brock,  96. 

21  Fong  Yui  Ting  v.  V.  S.,  149  U.  S.  Rep.,  711.  Chinese  Exclusion 
Cases,  130  U,  S.  Rep.,  531. 

22  Fong  Yui  Ting  v.  U.  S.,  149  U.  S.  Rep.,  698.  Texas  v.  White,  7 
Wall.,  700. 


20 

"I  am  not  one  of  those  who  deplore  wars  and  rumors  of 
wars.  Every  student  of  history  knows  that  the  great  wars  of 
the  world  have  advanced  mankind  toward  justice  and 
righteousness.  "War  has  been  the  means  of  obliterating 
wrongs  that  have  endured  for  centuries. 

"Jesus  said  that  He  came  into  the  world  not  to  bring  peace 
but  a  sword.-^  Look  back  at  the  wars  of  the  past  fifty  years, 
and  you  will  see  that  out  of  their  strife  and  carnage,  suffering 
and  sorrow,  God  has  advanced  the  cause  of  justice  and  brought 
the  era  of  eternal  peace  nearer.  So  I  say,  that  if  it  please 
God  to  use  war  for  the  upbuilding  of  nations  which  will 
carry  out  His  plans  for  mankind,  it  is  not  for  us  to  question 
His  wisdom. 

''I  sometimes  think  the  adherents  of  peace  lose  sight  of  the 
fact  that  there  is  a  sublime  philosophy  in  international  disa- 
greements and  international  strife;  because  out  of  the  great 
wars  God,  in  His  infinite  wisdom,  has  brought  a  benediction 
to  the  people. ' ' 

Major  General  George  Kandolph  Snowden,  National  Guard 
of  Pennsylvania,  has  so  well  vindicated  "The  Christian's 
Eight  to  Bear  Arms"  in  his  able  address  lately  published, 
that  I  shall  content  myself  with  merely  referring  to  it  and 
advising  you  to  read  it. 

In  this  era  of  progress  and  enlightenment  wars  after  all 
do   comparatively   small   damage-*   when   we   consider   that 

23  St.  Matthew,  10  Chapter  34. 

24  In  the  Revolution  the  Colonial  troops  numbered  294,791   (Sic). 

In  the  War  of  1812,  576,622  Americans  were  engaged  (Sic)  and  1,877 
were  killed  in  battle  and  3,739  were  wounded. 

In  the  Mexican  War  (1846)  United  States  troops  numbered  112,230, 
Of  these  1,049  were  killed  in  battle,  904  died  of  wounds  and  3,420  were 
wounded. 

In  the  Civil  War  (1861-1865)  the  Union  Troops  were  2,859,000.  Of 
these  61,362  were  killed  outright,  34,627  died  of  wounds  and  183,287 
died  of  disease.  Speech  of  President  William  McKinley,  May  30,  1894, 
Vol.  XII,  "Historical  Characters  and  Famous  Events,"  p.  192,  Spofford 
(1900). 


1 


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21 

35,000  people  are  killed  annually  in  the  United  States  by- 
various  industries,  500,000  maimed  and  wounded  and  2,000,000 
cases  of  industrial  illness  and  an  incalculable  accompaniment 
of  privation.  That  since  the  introduction  of  the  automobile 
the  total  record  is  about  3,500  killed.  That  the  railroads  in 
the  past  few  years  from  1897  have  killed  over  110,000  persons 
and  injured  many  more.  The  report  of  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  of  December  16,  1912,  shows  the  total 
casualties  for  year  ending  June,  1912,  was  180,123,  of  which 
10,585  were  persons  killed  and  169,538  injured,  an  increase 
over  previous  year  of  189  killed  and  19,379  injured.  Sum- 
marized it  means  in  the  United  States  we  kill  annually 

(1)  By  industry 35,000 

(2)  By  automobiles 980 

(3)  By  railroads   10,585 

A  total  of 46,565 

By  these  peaceful  means  we  kill  more  people  annually  with 
the  best  intentions  and  wdthout  any  particular  thought  than 
were  killed  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  or  in  the  Russo- 
Japanese  War.  These  figures  are  appalling,  and  a  great  deal 
of  this  loss  of  life  is  useless,  avoidable  and  preventable — our 
problem  is  to  study  it  and  find  means  to  stop  it.-^ 

We  know  that  the  courts  have  held  that  it  is  legal  to  kill 
an  alien  enemy  in  the  heat  and  exercise  of  war,  but  that  it  is 
murder  if  he  has  laid  down  his  arms.^*'  That  interest  on  a 
debt  due  an  alien  is  suspended  during  war-'  and  that  aliens 
domiciled  here  can  be  punished  for  treason,-^  and  we  all 
agree  that  they  are  proper  and  reasonable  regulations. 

25  There  were  170  deaths  in  Philadelphia  from  1906  to  1912  by- 
reason  of  automobile  accidents,  viz:  1906,  12;  1907,  7;  1908,  11;  1909, 
33;  1910,  24;  1911  35;  1912,  48. 

26  State  V.  Gut,  13  Minn.,  341. 

27Hoare  v.  Allen,  2  Dallas  Eeports,  102  (1789). 

28  Commonwealth  v.  O'Donnell,  12  Pa.  Co.  Ct.  Eep.,  97  (1892).  The 
Homestead  Case,  1  Penna.  Dist.  Eep.,  785  (1892). 


22 

We  think  of  Marathon  2,402  years  ago,  and  seventy-seven 
years  later  of  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  at  Syracuse,  of  the 
battle  of  Arbela,  and  Metauras,  the  victory  of  Arminius  over 
the  Roman  Legions  under  Varas  nine  years  after  the  birth 
of  Christ,  the  battles  of  Chalons  451,  Tours  732,  Hastings 
1066,  Joan  of  Arc 's  victory  over  the  English  at  Orleans  1429, 
the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada  1588,  the  battles  of  Blen- 
heim 1704,  and  Pultowa  1709,  our  victory  over  Burgoyne  at 
Saratoga  1777,  the  battles  of  Valmy  1792,  Waterloo  1815, 
Gettysburg  1863,  Sedan  1870,  Manila  and  Santiago  1898, 
and  we  have  the  most  important  battles  not  inaptly  termed 
by  Creasy  as  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world.  These  wars 
changed  the  fate  of  nations  and  the  Athenians  justified  war 
by  saying  "it  was  the  eternal  law  of  nature  that  the  weak 
should  be  coerced  by  the  strong. ' ' 

In  this  brief  address  I  cannot  do  more  than  outline  the  sub- 
ject. I  feel  tonight  I  am  merely  a  signboard  on  the  great 
highway  of  war  knowledge,  without  special  qualification  as  an 
expert,  pointing  the  way  the  student  should  take,  who  desires 
to  understand  the  subject.  I  recommend  you  to  consult  the 
scholarly  lectures  of  my  brother  Sulzberger  on  ' '  The  Polity  of 
the  Ancient  Hebrews"  and  you  will  be  enlightened,  and  espe- 
cially interested  to  learn  in  Palestine  originally ' '  The  Hebrews 
came  as  an  army.  Their  purpose  was  to  wrest  a  country 
from  its  possessors,  a  task  that  could  only  be  accomplished  by 
war."  As  these  lectures  deal  with  the  classical  books  of  the 
Bible  it  will  be  easy  for  you  to  follow  them  as  the  texts  are 
given.29  Then  look  at  the  "Viking  Age"  by  Paul  B.  Du- 
Chaillu,  and  you  there  have  the  early  history,  manners  and 
customs  of  the  English-speaking  nations  and  in  Vol.  II  read 

29  Lectures  by  Honorable  Mayer  Sulzberger,  President  Judge  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  No.  2,  Philadelphia,  read  before  the  Dropsie  College 
for  Hebrew  and  Cognate  Learning  in  March,  1912,  page  5. 


i 


WILLIAM     PENN. 


BY  SIR  GODFREY  KNELLER. 


23 


chapters  VII,  IX,  XI,  XII,  on  war  customs,  war  ships,  naval 
warfare  and  sea  battles  of  the  Vikings  and  you  will  con- 
clude: "Everything  lives,  flourishes  and  decays;  everything 
dies,  but  nothing  is  lost:  for  the  great  principle  of  life  only 
changes  its  form  and  the  destruction  of  one  generation  is  the 
vivication  of  the  next."^** 

The  fortunes  of  war  vary.  The  boy  inquired  of  his  father 
what  they  were.  His  father  replied  not  entirely  inaccurately : 
"Well,  the  fortunes  of  war  in  modern  times  are  those  vast 
sums  made  by  non-combatants,  financiers,  contractors  and 
sutlers,  which  enables  their  descendants  to  live  in  idleness  and 
luxury  and  pretend  they  are  superior  to  every  one  else.  Now 
study  your  history  and  do  not  bother  me  further. ' ' 


The  Belt  of  Wampum  given  to  William  Penn  by  the  Lenni  Lenape 
Sachem  at  the  Elm  Tree  Treaty,  at  Shackamaxon,  Philadelphia,  in  1682. 

Our  own  special  colony,  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
Holy  Experiment,  was  founded  by  the  illustrious  William 
Penn.  He  came  in  the  ship  "Welcome,"  that  left  Deal, 
August  30,  1682,  and  which  anchored  at  New  Castle  nine 
weeks  after  leaving  England.  As  a  Quaker  he  was  a  man  of 
peace,  hence  our  motto — Philadelphia  Maneto :  Let  Brotherly 
Love  Continue.^^     He  abhorred  war,  although,  strange  and 

30'<The  Book  of  Nature-Good,"  Series  1,  Lecture  VIII. 

31  The  word  "Maneto"  is  the  third  person  singular,  future  impera- 
tive form  of  the  Latin  verb  "Maneo, "  meaning  to  continue  or  remain. 
As  used  in  the  official  seal  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia  it  means:  "Let 
Brotherly  Love  Continue"  and  is  doubtless  based  upon  the  Epistle  of 
St.  Paul  to  the  Hebrews,  13th  Chapter,  first  verse.  See  Ordinances  of 
Councils,  Philadelphia,  February  14,  1874,  p.  55,  and  March  13,  1904, 
p.  41,  establishing  seal  of  Philadelphia. 


24 

inconsistent  as  it  may  seem  to  us,  Penn  obtained  his  charter 
from  King  Charles  II  at  Westminster,  March  4,  1681,^-  as  the 
result  of  war  and  the  war  services  of  his  father  Admiral  Penn 
to  Great  Britain,  to  use  the  language  of  the  charter  "per- 
ticulerly  to  his  conduct  courage  and  discretion  under  our 
dearest  brother  James  Duke  of  York,  in  that  signall  Battell 


and  victorie,  fought  and  ohteyned  against  the  Dutch  fleets, 
comanded  by  the  Herr  Van  Ohdam  in  the  year  1665,"^^  which 
resulted  in  a  debt  of  £16,000,  for  which  William  Penn  was 
glad  to  accept  the  grant  of  Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania  was  larger  than  England  and  he  agreed  to 
pay  the  reasonable  rent  of  two  beaver  skins  annually  to  the 
King,  also  one  fifth  part  of  all  gold  and  silver  ore  found. 
The  Habendum  is  to  the  use  of  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  **To  be  holden  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors.  Kings 
of  England  as  of  our  Castle  of  Windsor  in  our  County  of 
Berks  in  free  and  common  socage  by  fealty  only  for  all  serv- 

32  Hazard 's  ' '  Annals, ' '  p.  500.  ' '  The  True  William  Penn, ' '  Sydney 
George  Fisher,  1900,  p.  57. 

33  Duke  of  Yorke's  "Book  of  Laws,"  81,  82,  83. 


JOHN    PENN    "THE   AMERICAN." 

BORN    PHILADELPHIA,    FEBRUARY    29,    1700;    DIED    ENGLAND,    OCTOBER,    1746. 


25 

ices,  and  not  in  capite  or  by  Knight  service.^*  Yielding  and 
paying  therefore  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  two  heaver 
skins  to  hee  delivered  att  our  said  Castle  of  Windsor,  on  the 
first  day  of  Januarie  in  every  yeare;  and  also  the  fifth  parte 
of  all  Gold  and  Silver  Oare,  which  shall  from  time  to  time 
happen  to  he  found  within  the  limitts  aforesaid,  cleare  of  all 

34  The  doctrine  of  Tenures  or  the  method  by  which  real  property  is 
held  in  England  is  derived  from  the  feudal  law.  The  theory  is  all  real 
property  is  holden  of  some  superior  lord  in  consideration  of  certain 
services  to  be  rendered  to  the  lord  by  the  possessor  of  the  property.  The 
thing  holden  is  called  a  tenement,  the  possessors  tenants  and  the  manner 
of  their  possession  a  tenure.  The  distinction  of  tenures  consisted  in  the 
nature  of  their  services.  Free  socage  is  a  tenure  by  any  free,  certain 
and  determinate  service,  it  is  a  relic  of  Saxon  liberty  and  partakes  of 
the  feudal  nature  as  well  as  those  in  chivalry,  being  holden  subject  to 
some  service,  at  least  to  fealty  and  suit  at  Court  subject  to  relief  to 
wardship  and  to  escheat  but  not  to  marriage,  subject  also  formerly  to 
aids,  primer  seisin,  and  fines  for  alienation.  Knight  service,  the  most 
universal  ancient  tenure  of  chivalry,  was  where  the  service  was  free 
but  uncertain.  The  tenant  of  every  Knight's  fee  was  bound  if  called 
upon  to  attend  his  lord  to  the  wars.  This  was  granted  by  livery  and 
perfected  by  homage  and  fealty;  which  drew  after  them  suit  at  Court. 
Knight  service  also  had  certain  consequences,  viz.:  (1)  Aid  originally 
mere  benevolences  granted  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord  in  time  of  difficulty 
and  distress  and  this  required  him  to  ransom  the  lord's  person  if  taken 
prisoner,  to  make  the  lord's  eldest  son  a  Knight  and  to  marry  the 
lord's  eldest  daughter  by  giving  her  a  suitable  portion.  (2)  Eelief 
a  fine  or  composition  with  the  lord  for  taking  up  an  estate  which  had 
lapsed  by  the  death  of  the  last  tenant.  (3)  Primer  seisin  was  a  right 
the  King  had  upon  the  death  of  a  tenant  in  capite  to  receive  of  the 
heir  the  whole  year's  profits  of  the  lands.  (4)  Wardship  was  the  right 
of  custody  of  the  body  and  the  heir's  land  without  any  account  of  the 
profits  until  twenty-one  years  in  males  and  sixteen  years  in  females. 
(5)  Marriage.  The  guardian  had  the  right  of  tendering  to  his  ward  a 
suitable  match,  if  either  he  or  she  refused  it  they  forfeited  the  value 
of  the  marriage  to  their  Guardian.  (6)  Fines  were  sums  due  to  the 
lord  whenever  the  tenant  had  occasion  to  transfer  his  land  to  another. 
(7)  Escheat,  which  was  the  returning  of  the  land  to  the  lord  by  extinc- 
tion of  the  blood  of  the  tenant  by  either  natural  or  civil  means.  A 
tenant  in  capite  or  in  chief  held  immediately  under  the  King.  These 
military  tenures  were  at  the  restoration  of  King  Charles  II  reduced  to 
free  socage  by  Act  of  Parliament.  Sharswood's  "  Blackstone 's  Com- 
mentaries," Book  II,  Chaps.  5  and  6. 


26 

charges.  And  of  our  further  grace,  certain  knowledge  and 
mure  mocon,  wee  have  thought  fit  to  Erect,  and  wee  doe 
hereby  erect  the  aforesaid  Countrey  and  Islands  into  a  Prov- 
ince and  Seigniorie,  and  doe  call  it  Pennsylvania,  and  soe 
from  henceforth  wee  will  have  it  called.""^ 

These  technical  legal  terms  mentioned  in  the  charter  "free 
and  common  socage  by  fealty  only  for  all  services  and  not  in 
Capite  or  by  Knight's  service,"  while  intelligible  to  lawyers, 
must  seem  strange  to  those  of  you  who  are  not  learned  in  the 
law.  About  this  tenure  in  Pennsylvania  I  would  advise  you 
to  read  the  learned,  interesting  and  instructive  treatise  of  our 
fellow  member,  the  respected  Governor  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  Richard  McCall  Cadwalader,  Esq., 
of  the  Philadelphia  bar  "On  the  Law  of  Ground  Rents  in 
Pennsylvania,"  which  is  authoritative. 

The  first  7iaval  display  on  the  Delaware  Elver  near  Phila- 
delphia was  in  consequence  of  the  Swedes  interfering  with  the 
operations  of  the  Dutch.  Governor  Peter  Stuyvesant  in  June, 
1651,  marched  from  New  Amsterdam  with  120  men  to  his 
Dutch  Fort  "Nassau"  at  Gloucester  Point,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Delaware,  where  he  was  met  by  eleven  ships.  To  impress 
the  Swedes  with  his  strength  he  sailed  his  little  fleet  up  and 
down  the  river  with  drumming  and  cannonading.  Shortly 
after  he  built  "Fort  Casimer"  near  New  Castle,  Delaware.^* 

Many  of  the  most  prominent  families  of  Philadelphia  are 
proud  to  trace  their  direct  descent  from  these  Swedish 
pioneers.  And  the  great  interest  Sweden  has  always  taken 
in  this  country  is  still  maintained  by  his  IMajesty  Gustav  V 
through  his  Ambassador  Hon.  H.  L.  D.  deLagercrantz,  whose 

35  ' '  The  General  Title  of  the  Penn  Family  to  Pennsylvania, ' '  by  Wil- 
liam Brooke  Rawle,  Esq.,  Vol.  23,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  60,  224, 
329,  464. 

36  ' '  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware, ' '  Amandus  Johnson, 
1911,  p.  436. 


f  Hit'  rj/n 


MAP   SHOWING 

ENGLISH  COLONIES  IN  AMERICA 

AT  TIME   OF 

FRENCH   AND  INDIAN  WAR   1765 

ALSO 
FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  TERRITORY 


i    s 


27 

departure  was  so  much  regretted  by  the  citizens  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

Swedish  Sovereignty  Passes  to  the  Dutch. 

In  1654  the  Swedes  captured  the  Dutch  Fort  Casimer  and 
changed  its  name  to  Fort  Trefaldighet,  i.  e.,  ''Fort  of  the 
Holy  Trinity."  In  1655  Stuyvesant  recaptured  the  Dutch 
Fort  Christiana  at  Wilmington  and  Swedish  sovereignty  on 
the  Delaware  passed  to  the  Dutch.^^ 

Dutch  Sovereignty  Passes  to  the  English. 

1664,  September,  an  English  squadron  captured  Manhattan, 
New  York,  and  in  October  captured  the  Dutch  fort  at  New 
Castle.^*  In  1673  the  Dutch  recaptured  New  York,  but  by 
Peace  of  Westminster,  February  9,  1674,  restored  it  to  the 
English. 

The  important  inter-colonial  wars  may  be  thus  summarized. 

1.  King  William's  war 1689-1697. 

2.  Queen  Anne's  war 1702-1714. 

3.  King  George's  war 1744-1748. 

4.  The  French  and  Indian  war 1754-1763. 

These  wars  were  the  result  of  the  desire  of  both  France  and 
England  to  own  America,  and  it  was  finally  ended  by  the 
defeat  of  the  French.  King  James  II,  when  compelled  to 
leave  England  in  1688,  went  to  France,  and  he  and  his  rights 
were  involved  in  these  various  wars  from  1688  to  1763,  a 
period  of  seventy-five  years. 

You  will  also  recall : 

37  ' '  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware, ' '  Amandus  Johnson, 
1911,  p.  584. 

38  ' '  The  Swedish  Settlements  on  the  Delaware, ' '  Amandus  Johnson, 
1911,  p.  445. 


28 

The  Pequot  Indian  War  in  Connecticut  in  1637. 

1664,  August  27,  Richard  Nicholls  took  New  Netherlands 
and  changed  its  name  to  New  York,  and  for  the  first  time 
England  controlled  the  coast  from  IMaine  to  Florida. 

1675  King  Philip's  war  in  New  England. 

1676  Bacon's  Rebellion  in  Virginia. 

The  Treaties  of  Breda  between  England,  Holland,  France, 
Denmark,  July  21,  1667,  ended  the  war  between  England  and 
France  which  had  broken  out  in  1666.  England  restored  to 
France  Arcadia  and  received  from  France  Antigua,  Mont- 
serrat  and  St.  Christopher's.  This  was  followed  by  a  peace 
between  the  French  and  the  Five  Nations.  England  and 
Holland  adopted  the  status  quo  of  IMay  20,  1667,  England 
retaining  New  Amsterdam  and  Holland  Surinam.^^ 

Louis  XIV  appointed  Louis  de  Buade  de  Frontenac,  Gov- 
ernor of  Canada,  1672-82,  1689-98,  with  the  view  of  extend- 
ing the  French  possessions  in  America.  Parkman  says 
Frontenac  was  a  sure  breeder  of  storms  in  times  of  peace, 
and  Dr.  Ernest  D.  Lewis  adds:  "His  energetic  policy  in 
dealing  with  the  English  and  the  Indians  forced  the  English 
colonists  into  concerted  and  offensive  action." 

]My  reference  to  the  French  does  not  mean  the  Huguenots. 
You  should  all  read  Balch's  "Les  Francais  en  Amerique 
Pendant  Le  Guerre  De  L'Independance  Des  Etats-Unis," 
translated  by  his  sons  Thomas  Willing  Balch  and  Edwin 
Swift  Balch,  which  is  a  mine  of  information,*"  "French 
Colonists  and  Exiles,"  by  our  fellow  citizen  Col.  Joseph  G. 
Rosengarten,  equally  well  known  at  the  Philadelphia  bar  and 
in  literature,  and  Col.  Roosevelt's  "Winning  of  the  West," 
because  the  distinguished  French  explorers  LaSalle,  Cham- 
plain,  Marquette  and  Joliet  are  not  within  the  scope  of  this 

89"Ploetz   Epitome   of   History,"   Tillinghast,   1883,   p.   379. 
40  Fenna.  Mag.  Bist.  and  Biog.,  Vol.  15,  p.  366. 


\ 


ON    THE    WAR    PATH. 


29 

paper,  nor  the  debt  America  owes  to  Audubon,  Bayard, 
Dupont,  Duponceau,  Galladet,  Gallatin,  Lafayette,  DuPortail 
and  others  who  served  us  nobly.  Many  exiles  came  to  Penn- 
sylvania in  1736 — Clapier,  De  la  Plaine,  LeBrun,  ]\Iestrezat, 
Perrine,  Jourdan,  Doz,  Boudenot,  Benezet,  Duval,  DeBenne- 
ville,  Dubree,  Cresson,  De  la  Val,  Duche,  De  Fresnis,  Boileau, 
Reboteau,  Leroy  are  all  names  well  known  and  highly  re- 
spected. To  which  might  be  added  the  Gardettes,  Geyelin, 
De  la  Roche,  Dutilh,  Deschapelle,  Maguire,  Breuil,  Maury, 
Prevost,  Bisson,  Troubat,  Rousseau,  Laussatt,  Girard,  Thou- 
ron,  Rozet,  Vauclain,  Repplier,  Lavel,  Vanuxem,  Lejambe, 
Bouvier,  Borie,  Keating,  Tissiere,  etc.  They  were  all  good 
citizens  and  most  of  these  families  were  represented  in  the 
Colonial  Wars  and  in  the  Revolution.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  President  James  A.  Garfield,  Vice-President  Hanni- 
bal Hamlin,  General  John  C.  Fremont,  General  Robert  An- 
derson, Admiral  George  Dewey,  U.  S.  Senator  Robert  LaFol- 
lette  are  of  French  descent,  as  were  Albert  Gallatin,  Paul 
Revere,  General  Joseph  Warren,  and  Francis  Marion.*^ 

At  the  time  of  Penn's  coming  and  a  few  years  thereafter 
many  important  events  occurred.  LaSalle  explored  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  its  mouth  and  named  the  great  territory  Louisiana 
after  Louis  XIV  of  France.*^  In  1685  New  York  became  a 
royal  colony.  In  1686  Massachusetts  Bay  lost  her  charter 
and  Sir  Edmund  Andros  became  Governor  of  all  New  Eng- 

4iFosdick's  "French  Blood  in  America."  Baleh,  "The  French  in 
America."  Fiske's  "New  France  and  New  England."  Baird's 
"Huguenots."  Parkman,  "Frontenac. "  Proceedings  American  Catho- 
lic Historical  Society,  Pliiladelphia. 

*2  Louisiana  Purchase  by  United  States  from  France  in  1803  for 
$15,000,000  is  now  included  in  the  following  thirteen  States:  Louisiana, 
Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Mon- 
tana, North  Dakota,  Wyoming,  Oklahoma.  This  tract  consisted  of  700,- 
000,000  acres  and  cost  us  about  two  cents  an  acre.  Also  Penna.  in  Ameri- 
can History.     Hon.  Saml.  W.  Pennypacker,  p.  127. 


30 

land  and  later  New  York.  His  arbitrary  methods  resulted 
in  his  expulsion  in  1689.  The  rebellion  of  Jacob  Leisler 
occurred  in  New  York  in  1691,  and  he  was  tried  and  exe- 
cuted for  high  treason.  Then  came  the  time  of  consolidation 
and  King  "William's  War,  1689-97,  which  began  the  contest 
that  resulted  finally  in  the  loss  of  the  French  power  in  Amer- 
ica. Massachusetts  received  her  new  charter  which  included 
Maine  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  1691  Delaware  left  us  for  a 
w^hile,  and  1693  Penn  was  temporarily  deprived  of  his  prov- 
ince. In  1692  Salem  witchcraft  cases  were  tried,  twenty 
people  were  executed  and  hundreds  were  imprisoned.*^  Vir- 
ginia established  William  and  Mary  College,  and  in  1701 
Yale  College  followed  in  Connecticut.  The  Treaty  of  Rys- 
wick,  1697,  ended  the  first  colonial  war,  but  no  territorial  or 
other  change  was  effected.  Queen  Anne's  War,  1702-14, 
affected  principally  New  England  and  the  frontiers.  As 
Spain  was  an  ally  of  France  the  colonists  of  South  Carolina 
attacked  St.  Augustine,  and  in  1706  the  French  and  Spaniards 
attacked  Charleston  by  sea,  but  were  defeated.  In  1713  the 
Treaty  of  Utrecht  ended  this  war.  This  was  the  first  impor- 
tant treaty  in  the  diplomatic  history  of  the  United  States. 
Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland  and  Hudson  Bay  were  given  to 
England,  fishing  rights  to  the  north  were  reserved  to  the 
French.**  1729  is  memorable  in  the  annals  of  transportation 
between  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  because  a  regular  stage 
line  was  established  which  ran  one  stage  once  in  ten  days. 
Now  we  run  trains  every  hour.  I  refrain  from  saying  "on 
the  hour"  because  of  the  presence  of  our  fellow  member  Jim 
Fahnestock  for  obvious  reasons.*' 

■*3  "  American  Criminal  Trials,"  p,  255. 

<*"The  Beginners  of  a  Nation,"  E.  Eggleston.  "Pioneers  of 
France,"  Parkman.  "The  Old  Regime  in  Canada,"  Parkman.  "Count 
Frontenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV,"  Parkman. 

<5  James  F.  Fahnestock,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Treasurer  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company. 


SUN    DIAL  FROM    FORT   PITT. 
ORIGINAL    IN    THE   CARNEGIE    MUSEUM,    PITTSBURGH. 


31 


Then  came  King  George's  War,  1744-8,  between  England 
and  France  and  its  Indian  allies,  the  American  phase  of  the 
War  of  the  Austrian  succession  1741-8,  so  named  from  George 
II,  in  which  we  captured  Louisberg,  in  July,  1758,  so  graphic- 
ally described  to  you  by  our  fellow  member,  Louis  Barcroft 
Runk,  Esq.,  March  6,  1911,  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  repeat 


''=5^. 


Indian  Attack  upon  Block  House. 


what  he  has  so  well  said.*''  The  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 
ended  this  war  and  Louisberg  was  given  back  to  France,  much 
to  the  indignation  of  New  England.  The  boundary  question 
was  still  open  and  Duquesne  started  to  build  forts  on  the 
Ohio.  Governor  Dinwiddie  of  Virginia  sent  Washington, 
then  just  of  age,  to  warn  the  French  to  leave  the  English  land. 
When  asked  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  to  go,  Washington  re- 
plied "For  my  own  part,  I  can  answer  that  I  have  a  consti- 

46  ' '  Fort  Louisberg — Its  Two  Sieges  and  Site, ' '  Colonial  Wars  Soc, 
Vol.  II,  No.  V.     Louis  Barcroft  Eunk. 


32 

tution  hardy  enough  to  encounter  and  undergo  the  most 
severe  toils  and  I  flatter  myself  resolution  to  face  what  any 
man  dares.  "*^  He  left  Williamsburg,  November  30,  1753, 
and  reached  Fort  Le  Boeuf,  near  Erie,  Pennsylvania,  Decem- 
ber 11.  The  French  refusal  to  vacate  resulted  in  what  is 
called  the  French  and  Indian  War.  Actual  war  commenced 
in  America  in  1754,  but  the  formal  declaration  was  May,  1756. 

Montcalm  captured  Fort  William  Henry  on  Lake  George, 
which  gave  the  French  complete  control  of  Lake  George  and 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  main  passage  to  Canada.  They 
controlled  the  Great  Lakes  by  taking  Oswego,  and  having 
Fort  Duquesne  they  were  enabled  to  hold  the  western  In- 
dians and  be  the  controlling  factor  of  the  country  west  of 
the  Alleghanies. 

This  war,  called  the  Seven  Years'  War,  lasted  until  1763. 
Washington's  message  to  the  French  not  having  been  obeyed, 
on  May  27,  1754,  he  came  to  Great  Meadows  in  Fayette 
County,  Pennsylvania.  He  attacked  the  French  the  next  day 
and  he  had  some  friendly  Indians  to  help  him.  This  was 
his  first  battle  and  he  won  it.  In  July  he  was  obliged  to 
surrender  Fort  Necessity,  and  for  this  failure  he  was  reduced 
in  rank  to  a  captain,  and  resigned. 

Then  General  Braddock  was  at  the  residence  of  Colonel 
John  Carlyle,  near  the  corner  of  Fulton  and  Cameron  streets 
in  Alexandria,  Virginia,  which  is  not  far  from  Mount  Vernon, 
and  Washington  became  his  aide,  and  guided  him  through  the 
wilderness  to  Pittsburgh.  Washington  wanted  Braddock  to 
fight  as  the  Indians  and  backwoodsmen  did,  but  Braddock 
was  an  English  officer,  and  refused  to  do  it.  The  result 
showed  the  wisdom  of  Washington's  suggestion — 855  French 
and  Indians  defeated  him  and  his  3,000  English  soldiers,  and 

47  "Washington  and  his  ISIasonie  Compeers,"  Hayden,  1866,  p.  26. 
Penna.  in  American  History,  Hon.  Saml.  W.  Pennypacker,  p.  144. 


MAJOR    GENERAL,    NAT.    1695;    OB.    1755. 


33 

Braddock  himself  was  killed.  Washington  did  his  best.  He 
had  two  horses  killed  that  he  was  riding  and  several  bullets 
were  shot  through  his  clothing.*^ 

The  stories  of  American  trails  from  Colonial  times,  show- 
ing their  origin,  difficulties  and  dangers,  history  and  present 
value,  is  of  absorbing  interest,  but  time  admonishes  me  that 
I  must  not  wander  off  the  main  road  to  describe  them.  But  it 
will  repay  you  to  read  Archer  B.  Hulbert's  three  volumes  on 
"Historic  Highways  of  America,"  which  he  calls  Washing- 
ton's Road,  Braddock's  Road,  and  The  Old  Glade  (Forbes) 
Road.*^  The  first  chapter  of  the  Old  French  War,  the  story 
of  the  Delaware  Indian  Nemacolin's  Path  widened  by  Wash- 
ington in  1754  is ' '  Washington 's  Road. "  "  Braddock 's  Road ' ' 
from  the  Potomac  to  the  Monongahela  was  the  first  step  of 
material  progress  made  in  the  West  and  the  war  from  Wash- 
ington's capitulation  at  Fort  Necessity  through  Braddock's 
campaign  in  1755  and  the  Old  Glade  (Forbes)  Road  brought 
to  an  end  the  war  in  the  West.  At  its  conclusion  Fort 
Duquesne  became  Fort  Pitt. 

In  1740  Pennsylvania  had  about  100,000  inhabitants  divided 
into  three  groups — the  Quakers  in  Philadelphia,  Chester  and 
Bucks;  the  Germans  or  Palatines  in  Lancaster,  Berks  and 
Northampton,  and  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians  in  York  and 
Cumberland.  One-fourth  were  Quakers,  about  one-half  were 
Germans  and  the   rest  were  emigrants  from  the   north  of 

48  Braddock's  defeat,  Vol.  11,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  93. 
Braddock's  defeat,  Newspaper  accounts,  Vol.  23,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and 
Biog.,  p.  310.  Braddock's  defeat,  French,  Vol.  20,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist, 
and  Biog.,  p.  409.  Braddock's  defeat,  Norris  Papers,  Vol.  35,  Penna. 
Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  251.  Braddock's  defeat,  effect  of,  Dulany, 
Vol.  3,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  11.  "History  Braddock's  Ex- 
pedition," Winthrop  Sargent,  p.  294.  "Original  Papers  relating  to 
the  French  Occupation  and  Presque  Isle,"  p.  827,  Vol.  VI,  Penna. 
Archives,  second  series.  George  Washington  in  Penna.,  by  Hon.  Saml. 
W.  Pennypacker,  1904. 

«  Published  by  A.  H.  Clarke  Co.,  Cleveland,  1903. 


34 

Ireland.  The  Province  was  defenseless  from  attacks  by 
French  and  Indians  prior  to  Braddock's  defeat  in  July,  1755. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  read  the  scholarly  article  of  Dr. 
Charles  J.  Stille  on  "The  Attitude  of  the  Quakers  in  the 
Provincial  Wars"  to  perceive  that  there  are  two  sides  to  the 
question  and  that  the  blame  did  not  lie  entirely  upon  the 
Quaker  majority  in  the  Assembly.  Taxes  were  necessary  to 
support  the  government  and  these  expenses  were  met  by  an 
excise  and  by  tavern  licenses,  which  were  inadequate.  Land 
was  not  taxed  and  had  not  been  for  forty  years.  The  His- 
torical Review  of  Pennsylvania,  p.  442,  states  the  Assembly 
voted  for  military  purposes  from  1754-8  £218,569  sterling. 
This  would  tend  to  show  the  Quakers  did  support  the  King's 
cause  in  the  Colonial  Wars  by  grants  of  money  and  that  their 
real  attitude  has  not  been  as  represented.  The  Penns  refused 
to  have  their  lands  taxed  for  the  defense  of  the  Province  and 
the  Assembly  contended  they  should  be  taxed  so  that  they 
should  contribute  some  part  of  the  sum  necessary  to  be 
raised.  And  as  Dr.  Stille  truthfully  says:  "Because  it  was 
war  time  and  the  Province  was  defenceless  owing  to  the  dis- 
agreement of  the  Governor  and  the  Assembly — not  as  to  the 
necessity  of  defence  but  as  to  the  means  of  securing  it — they 
were  spoken  of  and  popularly  regarded  even  at  this  day,  as 
enemies  to  their  country,  who  owing  to  their  religious  scruples 
could  not  make  war  nor  grant  military  supplies  and  means  to 
that  defence."^"  Daniel  Dulany,  the  distinguished  Maryland 
lawyer,  did  not  take  this  view  of  the  question,  as  his  letter  of 
December  9,  1755,  shows,  in  which  he  speaks  of  the  military 
and  political  affairs  in  the  middle  colonies  in  1755  after 
Braddock's  defeat.  One  sentence  of  this  letter,  showing  the 
want  of  knowledge  existing  in  England  at  this  time  as  to  the 
Colonies,  is  illuminating :  ' '  We  who  were  scarcely  known  out 
CO  Vol.  10,  Pcnna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  pp.  284r-289. 


REV.    WILLIAM    SMITH,    D.  D. 


BORN    IN    SCOTLAND,   1727;     DIED    IN    PHILADELPHIA, 
RECTOR   OF   CHRIST   CHURCH     PHILADELPHIA. 


1803, 


35 

of  our  own  country,  have  now  the  eyes  of  all  Europe  turned 
upon  us,  as  our  importance  begins  to  be  understood.  Perhaps 
in  less  than  a  century,  the  ministers  may  know  that  we  inhabit 
part  of  a  vast  continent,  and  the  rural  gentry  hear  that  we  are 
not  all  black,  that  we  live  in  houses,  speak  English,  wear 
clothes  and  have  some  faint  notions  of  Christianity."^^ 

Rev.  William  Smith,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Christ  Church,  Phila- 
delphia, Provost  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  now  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  a  member  of  Lodge  No.  2,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons  of  Pennsylvania,  Grand  Chaplain  and 
Right  Worshipful  Grand  Secretary  of  the  R.  W.  Grand  Lodge 
F.  &  A.  M.,^-  and  the  ancestor  of  our  friend  and  fellow  mem- 
ber, William  Rudolph  Smith,  Esq.,  of  the  Philadelphia  bar, 
who  is  with  us  this  evening,  preached  several  military  sermons 
about  the  French  and  Indian  War  which  will  well  repay  a 
perusal.  Among  the  first  was  "An  Earnest  Address  to  the 
Colonies  particularly  those  of  the  Southern  District,  on  the 
opening  of  the  campaign  1758";  written  and  published  at 
the  desire  of  Brigadier  General  Forbes  when  levying  forces 
for  the  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne,  which  was  after- 
wards taken  by  him  and  named  Pittsburgh  after  Sir  William 
Pitt.  The  others  are  military  sermons  from  Luke  III,  14, 
Ephesians  VII,  10  to  20  inclusive,  on  The  Christian  Soldier's 
Duty, — the  lawfulness  and  dignity  of  his  office  as  a  servant 
of  the  public  for  the  defense  of  his  country  and  the  impor- 
tance of  the  Protestant  cause  in  the  British  Colonies.  Sermon 
1  was  preached  in  Christ  Church,  Second  street  above  IMarket 
street,  Philadelphia,  April  5,  1757,  at  the  request  of  General 
Stanwix  to  the  forces  under  his  command,  previous  to  their 
march,    after   Braddock's    defeat,    against    the    French    and 

51  Vol.  3,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  12. 

52  " Freemasonry  in  Pennsylvania,"  1908,  by  Norris  S.  Barratt  and 
Julius  F.  Sachse,  Vol.  1,  pp.  6,  16,  197,  298,  304,  320,  371,  388 ;  Vol.  2, 
pp.  44,  206. 


36 


Indians,  on  the  Frontiers  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.  The  other 
sermons  preached  in  1768,  in  the  great  Hall,  or  Chapel  of  the 
College  of  Philadelphia,  west  side  of  Fourth  street,  below 


The  ttilsl  fort  Kll.irSS. 


A  PLAN  or  nil  rout  roe  ttci  v\m 
eiiiiT  IN  enenbot  loe  wmim  40o  yards 
Of  mm  oil  duQNE 

i  ornccu  aouse 

(  (nORtS  OF  PRRVISION 

a  omo  nil  indim  eooti 


SeCTUUt  THRMSN  *B 


MONONGEHELA 


RIVEH      -JOO  VAROSWIDt 
,n  ISO  »Eli  n»  tut  PlAii 


«=i=S=S=S= 


ii  ui  fin  «» '«»  »«onTS 


Arch  street,  at  the  desire  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Wilkins,  to 
his  Majesty's  XVIII,  or  Royal  Eegiment  of  Ireland.  Dr. 
Smith  was  a  tower  of  strength  to  the  King's  cause  in  the 
Colonies.  He  was  a  leader  who  never  failed  to  take  the  initia- 
tive, and  his  position  in  the  Church  and  his  Masonic  connec- 
tion made  his  influence  potential.  As  Grand  Secretary  of 
the  R.  W,  Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania  his  acquaintance  was 
not  merely  local,  but  he  was  known  and  respected  abroad,  and 


37 

to  use  the  language  of  R.  W.  Grand  Master  William  L.  Gorgas, 
he  was  accustomed  "to  meet  under  the  protection  of  that 
great  fraternity  which  looks  away  beyond  mere  geographical 
boundaries  and  unites  in  a  common  bond  good  men  of  all 
nations  who  believe  in  the  Fatherhood  of  God  and  the  Brother- 
hood of  Man,"  His  clarion  call  to  the  Protestant  ministers 
upon  Braddock's  defeat  as  to  their  office  and  duty  in  the 
pulpit  in  the  handling  of  civil  as  well  as  religious  subjects, 
especially  in  times  of  public  danger  and  calamity,  is  worth 
reading.  We  can  hardly  realize  today  the  feeling  of  surprise, 
sorrow,  anger  and  despair  experienced  by  the  colonists  upon 
Braddock's  defeat,  but  a  few  words  of  Dr.  Smith  to  the  troops 
about  to  march  to  the  Frontier  will  give  you  some  idea  of  it. 
To  General  Stanwix's  men  he  said  in  conclusion: 

"Go  forth  then,  with  humble  boldness,  as  men  conscious 
that  their  designs  are  approved  of  God.  And  oh !  if  perchance 
your  feet  shall  touch  those  fields  that  have  already  drank  in 
the  blood  of  the  slain,  and  have  beheld  your  brethren  expiring 
in  all  the  variety  of  woe — gently  oh  gently  tread  among  their^^ 

53  The  body  of  men  to  which  this  discourse  was  delivered,  were  ex- 
pected to  have  gone  directly  against  Fort  duQuesne  on  the  Ohio,  but 
were  obliged  to  act  only  on  the  defensive  for  that  year.  A  great  part 
of  them,  however,  were  present  at  the  reduction  of  the  place  the  year 
following,  under  Brigadier-General  Forbes,  who,  to  his  immortal  honor, 
literally  fulfilled  what  is  here  hinted  at.  For,  having  happily  got  pos- 
session of  the  fort  in  November,  1758,  a  large  part  of  his  army  was 
sent  to  Braddock's  field,  on  the  banks  of  the  Monongahela,  to  bury  the 
sad  remains  of  the  dead  that  had  laid  there  upwards  of  three  years. 
This  was  truly  a  moving  and  very  solemn  scene;  made  yet  more  so  by 
the  tears  of  those  who  had  lost  their  fathers,  brothers  and  dearest  rela- 
tives in  that  fatal  spot. 

There  is  an  account  of  such  a  burying  as  this  in  the  Eoman  history, 
painted  in  very  moving  terms  by  Tacitus;  who  tells  us  that  Germanicus 
and  his  soldiers,  having  come  near  the  forest  of  Teutoburgium,  where  by 
report  the  bones  of  Varus  and  the  legions  had  lain  six  years  unburied, 
they  became  possessed  with  a  tenderness  to  pay  the  last  ofiices  to  their 
countrymen.  In  performing  this  sad  duty,  "no  one,  says  he,  could 
distinguish  whether  he  gathered  the  particular  remains  of  a  stranger, 


448847 


38 

uncoffined  bones !  drop  a  tear  over  their  scattered  ashes ;  and 
give  a  moment's  pause  for  reflexion!  It  will  touch  the  heart 
with  tenderness,  and  be  a  fruitful  source  of  much  useful 
thought.  It  will  give  fresh  vigour  to  every  arm,  and  new 
ardor  to  every  breast ! 

"To  see  one  of  our  species  mangled  and  torn  in  pieces  is 
horrible!  To  see  a  Briton,  a  Protestant,  our  friend,  our 
neighbour,  so  used,  is  more  horrible  still !  But  to  think  that 
this  should  be  done,  not  to  one  but  to  thousands ;  and  done  in 
an  unguarded  hour ;  and  done  without  provocation ;  and  done 
with  all  the  aggravation  of  infernal  torture;  and  done  by 
savages;  and  by  savages  whom  we  have  cherished  in  our 
bosom;  and  by  savages  stirred  up  against  us  contrary  to  the 
faith  of  treaties;  and  stirred  up  by  men  professing  the  name 
of  Christians — good  heaven!  what  is  it?  words  cannot  paint 
the  anguish  of  the  thought;  and  human  nature  startles  from 
it  with  accumulated  horror! 

"Kise  Indignation!  rise  Pity!  rise  Patriotism!  and  thou 
Lord  God  of  Righteousness,  rise !  avenge  our  bleeding  cause  1 
support  Justice,  and  extirpate  perfidy  and  cruelty  from  the 
earth!  Inspire  those  men,  who  now  go  forth  for  their  king 
and  country,  with  every  spark  of  the  magnanimity  of  their 
forefathers !  The  same  our  cause,  the  same  be  its  issue !  Let 
our  enemies  know  that  Britons  will  be  Britons  still,  in  every 
clime  and  age!  and  let  this  American  world  behold  also  thy 
Salvation ;  the  work  of  the  Lord  for  his  Inheritance !  Even 
so ;  rise  Lord  God  of  Hosts !  rise  quickly !     Amen  and  Amen." 

Fort   Duquesne   and   its   capture   has  been  so   welP*  de- 

or  those  of  a  kinsman;  but  all  considered  the  whole  as  their  friends, 
the  whole  as  their  relations,  with  heightened  resentments  against 
the  foe." 

r,4'<The  Works  of  William  Smith,  D.D.,"  1803,  Vol.  11,  pp.  17,  157, 
179,  190,  201,  225.  "Eev.  William  Smith's  Descendants,"  Vol.  4, 
Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  373.  "List  of  Pennsylvania  Settlers 
Murdered,  Scalped  and  Taken  Prisoners  by  the  Indians,  1755-1756," 
Vol.  32,  Penna.  Mag.  Jlist.  and  Biog.,  p.  309. 


39 


scribed  to  you  by  our  Chaplain,  Rt.  Rev.  Courtlandt  White- 
head,^^ S.T.D.,  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh,  in  his  address  published 
by  the  Society  that  there  remains  nothing  to  add  to  it  unless 


Fort  9m  and  ifs  environs. 

January  1759- 

RirERlNCKt  TOTMC  APOVt  SKETCH  OF  FoRT   Du  QubSNL.MOW  PitTSBURGH. 
WITH  TMt  AOMCtWT  tflOMTftV. 

1  <v\oi<oN9CHiu  KiviR.  9  Logs  Town. 

2  FoKT  DuQutSNt  OR  PmjeuftcH.  10  Beaver  CftEtR. 

i  The  5mau Fort.  11  KuskuskiM  tHitr  Town  ofthe  six 

^  ALLeAHt.NV  RiVEA  NATIONS. 

12  $HtNSOEt  Town. 

13  ALUomfPA 

H    SENNAKARS. 


5  ALLi.6MMy  InoianTown. 

h   SHANAflt«» 

7  YoufrHiofrMiNY  River. 
4  Ohio  orAueancny  River. 


55 ' '  The  Capture  of  Fort  Duquesne, ' '  by  Et.  Eev.  Courtlandt  White- 
head, S.T.D.  Pub.  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  Penna.,  Vol.  1,  No.  1.  West 
Pennsylvania,  1760,  Fort  Pitt,  Presque  Isle,  Vol.  2,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist, 
and  Biog.,  pp.  149  and  303;  "Early  Eecords,  Pittsburgh,"  Vol.  6, 
Penna.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  344. 


40 


it  be  to  say  that  Great  Meadows,  Fort  Necessity,  Braddock's 
defeat  and  Fort  Duquesne  are  well  known  to  you  and  settled 
forever  who  should  own  the  North  American  continent.^® 

In  1758  we  were  defeated  by  the  French  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  but  we  took  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  for  the  second  time 


A  -  Barracks, ALREADY  BUILT.  B-Commanoants  Houst.  mot  built. 

C-    STORE:  HOUSE-    0-POWDER   MA&AllNfcS.     E- CASEMENT    CO/APLETt. 

F-  Store  house  for  flour  etc.  G -wells in  two  of  v»hicm  are  puaaps. 
H-  Fort  OuQUfeSNE  I.!.  Horn  work  to  cover  French  barracks. 
K    First, Fort  Pitt  destroyed.     N.Sally  port. 

Plan  of  Fort  Pitt.  1761. 


56 "  Pennsylvania,  Colony  and  Commopwealth, "  S.  G.  Fisher,  p.  146. 
"Military  Affairs  in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,"  Vol.  3,  Penna. 
Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  11.  "Col.  George  Crohan,  Indian  Trader," 
Vol.  15,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  429.  "Genl.  Henry  Bouquet," 
by  George  Harrison  Fisher,  Vol.  3,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  121. 
' '  Military  Correspondence, ' '  Henry  Bouquet,  Vol.  33,  Penna.  Mag. 
Hist,  and  Biog.,  pp.  1,  102-216. 


Christ  Church  was  founded  in  1695,  under  a  provision  of  the  original  charter  of  King  Charles 
II  to  William  Penn  for  the  creation  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  parish  was  subsidized  by  King  William  III  (William  of  Orange). 

Here  the  Colonial  Governors  had  their  State  Pew. 

The  Penn  family  pew  was  No.  60.  John  Penn,  the  last  male  member  of  this  line,  is  buried 
near  the  steps  to  the  pulpit. 

Communion  silver  presented  in  1709  by  Queen  Anne. 

Whitefield  preached  here  in  1729. 

The  tablet  to  General  Forbes,  the  victor  of  Fort  Duquesne,  1758,  may  be  seen  in  the  chancel. 

The  pulpit  dates  from  1770.  The  candelabra  in  the  centre  isle  is  for  candle-light,  and  has 
hung  in  place  since  1749.  The  gravestones  and  tablets  are  mostly  of  colonial  and  revolutionary 
days. 

Continental  Congress  attended  here  a  service  of  fasting  and  prayer  in  1775,  shortly  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington. 

The  Baptismal  Font  dates  from  1695. 

The  church  organ,  built  in  1765,  has  been  rebuilt  twice,  except  the  front  case  and  keyboard. 

The  chime  of  bells  pealed  forth  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  response  to  the  Liberty 
Bell,  July  4,  1776.  They  were  taken  from  the  city  with  the  Liberty  Bell  by  Continental  Congress  at 
the  British  occupation  of  the  city,  and  were  subsequently  rehung  in  the  tower  by  Congress. 

Many  members  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  1787, 
worshipped  here  during  the  sessions. 

George  Washington  and  Martha  Washington  regularly  occupied  Pew  No.  58  from  1790  to 
1797,  while  he  was  President.  The  same  was  the  official  pew  of  John  Adams  while  President,  and 
was  used  by  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette  on  his  second  visit  to  this  country. 

Benjamin  Franklin  was  a  member  of  the  committee  which  built  the  spire,  and  occupied  Pew 
No.  70;  since  used  by  members  of  his  family. 

Robert  Morris,  Treasurer  of  the  Revolution,  who  is  hurried  beneath  the  Parish  House,  sat  in 
Pew  No.  52. 

Francis  Hopkinson,  Secretary  of  Continental  Congress,  and  his  son.  Judge  Joseph  Hopkin- 
son,  author  of  the  national  hymn,  "  Hail  Columbia,"  occupied  Pew  No.  65. 

General  Charles  Lee,  of  the  Continental  army,  is  interred  beside  the  southwest  door;  and 
nearby  was  laid  to  rest,  after  the  battle  of  Princeton,  General  Hugh  Mercer,  1777. 

Rt.  Rev.  William  White,  D.D.,  first  Bishop  of  Pennsylvania,  is  interred  before  the  chancel 
rails  ;  and  his  episcopal  chair  is  beside  the  altar. 

General  Cadwalader,  of  the  War  of  1812,  occupied  the  Cadwalader  family  Pew,  No.  55. 

Henry  Clay,  during  the  time  of  his  temporary  attendance,  sat  in  front  of  the  west  column, 
north  side. 

In  the  churchyard  are  interred  Peyton  Randolph,  first  President  of  Continental  Congress; 
Commodores  Truxton,  Bainbridge,  Biddle  and  Richard  Dale ;  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Nellie  Custis 
(Mrs.  Lewis),  daughter  of  Martha  Washington,  and  several  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  other  persons  of  distinction. 

The  American  Episcopal  Church  was  organized,  its  constitution  was  framed  and  the  Ameri- 
can Prayer  Book  was  adopted  in  this  church,  1785. 

At  the  southeast  of  the  nave  is  the  "  Washington  Door,"  through  which  was  accustomed  to 
enter  the  "Father  of  his  Country. 


S3 


n 


^1 


-wj 


^^BK 


^    '^ 


^ 


'"^'^ 


b 


41 

captured  Louisberg.  In  1759,  on  September  13,  we  reversed 
our  defeat  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  our  General  James  Wolfe, 
scaling  the  Heights  of  Abraham,  captured  Quebec,  defeated 
the  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  but  both  General  Wolfe  and  Gen- 
eral Montcalm  were  killed.  The  French  won  the  first  two 
years,  but  with  the  accession  of  William  Pitt  as  Prime  Min- 
ister, the  tide  turned.  He  said  "I  can  save  England,"  and 
he  did.  He  appointed  competent  soldiers  to  lead  and  com- 
mand the  troops,  with  the  result  that  Louisberg,  Fort  Fronte- 
nac,  and  Fort  Niagara  were  captured  from  the  French.  John 
Campbell,  Earl  of  Loudoun,  was  one  of  these  incompetents  of 
whom  Franklin  said  reminded  him  of  St.  George  on  the  tavern 
signboards,  always  on  horseback  but  never  getting  ahead. 
Just  before  his  death,  which  occurred  September  14  at  4  a.  m., 
Montcalm  wrote,  "Sir:  The  humaneness  of  the  English  race 
reassures  me  on  the  fate  of  the  French  and  Canadian  prison- 
ers you  have  made.  Do  not  make  them  feel  they  have  changed 
masters — Be  their  protector  as  I  have  been  their  father."  In 
1760  Montreal  surrendered,  and  Canada,  in  the  possession  of 
the  French  for  two  centuries,  was  conquered  and  became  an 
English  instead  of  a  French  colony.  New  France  ceased  to 
exist  and  French  power  in  Canada  was  no  more.  The  treaty 
of  Paris  ended  this  fourth  war.  France  gave  to  England  all 
her  possessions  on  the  mainland  of  North  America  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River;  Spain  ceded  Florida  to  England  in  ex- 
change for  Havana  captured  during  the  war;  and  France 
ceded  to  Spain  the  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

At  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  War,  1763,  the  town 
of  Philadelphia  had  twenty-five  thousand  inhabitants  and  was 
conceded  to  be  the  largest  in  the  colonies,  with  Boston  a  close 
second.  New  York  at  this  time  had  about  twelve  thousand. 
The  colonial  wars  had  their  uses.  They  made  the  men  of  the 
different  colonies  acquainted  with  each  other,  and  this  re- 


42 

suited  in  the  dissipation  of  much  prejudice  and  local  jeal- 
ousy. They  compelled  the  English  colonies  to  combine  to 
protect  themselves  and  their  common  interests  and  made  them 
after  the  last  French  war  ready  to  call  themselves  Americans. 
They  became  conscious  for  the  first  time  of  their  power,  which 
led  them  to  assert  and  obtain  independence  of  England  eight- 
een years  later. 

The  last  word  about  the  French  and  Indian  "War  in  Penn- 
sylvania is  contained  in  Vol.  XV  of  the  PuMications  of  the 
Pennsylvania-German  Society,  by  its  accomplished  secretary, 
Henry  M.  Muhlenberg  Richards,  Esq.,  which,  for  its  research, 
learning  and  completeness,  exhausts  the  subject.  As  one  of 
the  authors  of  "Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania  Prior  to 
1783,"^^  he  is  probably  the  best  informed  man  in  the  State 
upon  that  period  of  our  history.  In  its  preparation  he  had 
the  advice  and  assistance  of  my  friend  Dr.  Julius  F.  Sachse, 
the  well-known  historian,  who  has  procured  for  me  some  illus- 
trations from  originals  in  his  collection,  in  which  you  will 
be  interested,  as  well  as  some  from  his  latest  work  as  librarian 
of  the  Right  Worshipful  Grand  Lodge  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons  of  Pennsylvania,  entitled  "Old  Masonic  Lodges  of 
Pennsylvania,"  compiled  and  published  under  direction  of 
Hon.  John  Wanamaker,  who,  ^Wth  his  many  and  varied  activi- 
ties— commercial,  financial,  religious,  philanthropic,  educa- 
tional and  charitable — yet  finds  time  to  act  as  chairman  of 
its  Library  Committee.  You  will  be  particularly  interested 
in  the  illustrations  relating  to  the  "17th  Regiment  of  Foot." 
General  Forbes,  an  educated  Scotch  physician  before  he  be- 
came a  soldier,  commanded  the  Colonial  troops  in  1758,  and 
to  honor  his  memory  our  Society  erected  a  tablet  in  Christ 

CT  See  article  on  ' '  Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania, ' '  by  Dr.  C,  J. 
Stille,  Vol.  20,  Penna.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.,  p.  257, 


» 


I 


LLl       li. 


43 

Church,  Philadelphia,  November  27,  1898.°^  He  was  the 
colonel  of  this  regiment,  which  not  only  participated  in  the 
siege  of  Louisberg,  but  was  well  known  to  Philadelphians  as 
one  of  the  British  regiments  that  took  our  city  and  occupied 
it  during  the  winter  of  1777,  when  Washington  and  his  army 
were  at  Valley  Forge. 

King  George  wanted  us  to  help  pay  for  the  French  and  In- 
dian War,  and  we  refused.  England 's  debt  was  £140,000,000, 
incurred  in  part  protecting  the  colonies.  Parliament  asserted 
their  right  to  tax  us  and  passed  the  Stamp  Act  of  1756,  which 
caused  active  opposition  here.  The  King  insisted,  and  it  is 
easy  to  understand  why  Parliament  complied.  Seats  in  Par- 
liament were  bought  and  sold,  and  the  members  were  influ- 
enced by  places,  pensions  and  direct  bribes.  £25,000  was 
expended  at  one  time  for  votes.  The  royal  revenue  was 
employed  to  buy  seats  and  to  buy  votes.®^  Our  Stamp  Act 
Congress  resulted  and  the  act  was  repealed,  although  England 
still  asserted  the  right  to  tax.  In  1767  an  act  was  passed 
taxing  tea,  glass,  wine,  oil,  paper,  lead  and  painters'  colors, 
the  duties  to  be  used  in  paying  salaries  of  governors  and 
judges,  thereby  making  them  independent.  In  1765  came 
our  non-importation  agreement.  In  1769  the  repeal  of  all 
taxes  except  tea.  In  1770  the  Boston  Massacre,  the  first 
Continental  Congress,  the  Boston  Port  Bill,  the  second  Con- 
tinental Congress,  the  commencement  of  the  Eevolution  and 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776  closing  the  colonial 
period.®**    This  gives  you,  so  to  speak,  a  bird's  eye  view  of  the 

58  See  letters  of  General  John  Forbes,  Vol.  33,  Penna.  Mag.  Eist. 
and  Biog.,  p.  81.  See  Winsor,  ''Nar.  and  Crit.  Hist.,"  V,  p.  599,  for 
this  campaign. 

59  Green 's  ' '  History  of  the  English  People, ' '  p.  765. 

60  <  <  Twenty-eight  Charges  Against  the  King  in  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,"  by  Sydney  G.  Ksher,  Vol.  31,  Penna.  Mag.  Eist.  and 
Biog.,  p.  257. 


44 

historical  conditions  and  events  in  the  different  colonies  as 
well  as  the  Colonial  wars.    What  do  they  teach  us? 

The  incidents  of  war  take  up  most  of  our  history.  A 
nation  without  wars  is  like  the  good  woman,  who,  after  a 
long  and  useful  life  as  a  wife  and  mother,  died  loved  and 
mourned  by  her  family,  but  of  whom  the  town  paper  said  in 
an  obituary,  ' '  She  was  most  estimable  and  highly  esteemed  in 
this  community,  but  having  had  no  fights  or  troubles  she  has 
no  history."  A  late  publication  states:  "For  one  tenth  of 
its  years  of  history  our  country  has  been  involved  in  war,  the 
incidents  connected  with  which  occupy  more  pages  of  the 
histories  familiar  to  the  average  person  than  are  given  to  the 
intervening  years  of  peace  when  the  thought  and  activities  of 
the  people  are  devoted  to  material  and  cultural  progress.  In 
the  peaceful  periods,  the  history  of  American  institutions  has 
been  made.  The  outgrowth  of  these  years  is  American  char- 
acter, ideals  and  achievement.  While  we  cherish  peace  and 
good  will  and  advocate  it,  yet  everyone  recognizes  the  truth 
of  Washington's  warning  in  his  farewell  address  September 
17,  1796,  against  the  insidious  wiles  of  foreign  influence  .  .  . 
followed  by  his  admonition — 'Taking  care  always  to  keep 
yourselves,  by  suitable  establishments,  in  a  respectable  de- 
fensive posture  ...  to  maintain  "the  independence  and 
liberty  you  possess  .  .  .  the  work  of  joint  efforts,  of  common 
dangers,  sufferings  and  success."  '  Real  peace  personally 
depends  upon  your  ability  to  protect  yourself  from  all  comers, 
in  the  language  of  the  prize  ring,  and  the  same  rule  applies  to 
governments.  We  should  not  forget  'the  perilous  duty  of  the 
soldier  and  sailor,  their  sufferings  and  the  sacrifice  of  valu- 
able life  by  which  so  many  national  benefits  are  obtained  and 
preserved.'  ""^ 

G.  F.  R.  Henderson  says:  "What  soldier  in  Europe  antici- 

ci"17th  Regiment  of  Foot,  Cannon,"  1848,  p.  5. 


O     O 

-   o 

z     u. 


O    OC 


O    "J 


45 

pated  Marlborough's  march  to  the  Danube  and  Blenheim 
field?  What  other  brain  besides  Napoleon  drempt  of  the 
passage  of  the  Alps  before  Marengo?  Was  there  a  single 
general  of  Prussia  before  Jena  who  foresaw  that  the  French 
would  march  north  from  the  Bavarian  frontier,  uncovering 
the  roads  to  the  Rhine,  and  risking  utter  destruction  in  case 
of  defeat?  Who  believed  in  the  early  days  of  1815  that  an 
army  of  130,000  strong  would  dare  to  invade  a  country  de- 
fended by  two  armies  that  mustered  together  200,000  unbeaten 
soldiers  ?  To  what  Federal  soldier  did  it  occur  on  the  morning 
of  Chancellorsville  that  Lee,  confronted  by  90,000  Northerners, 
would  detach  half  of  his  own  small  force  of  50,000  to  attack 
his  enemy  in  flank  and  rear  ?  The  lesson  is  as  regards  national 
defence,  preparation  cannot  be  too  careful  or  precautions 
overdone. '  '^^ 

Money  is  called  the  sinews  of  war,**^  but  Bacon  denies  this 
and  contends  that  there  are  no  true  sinews  of  war  but  the 
very  sinews  of  the  arms  of  valiant  men.^*  National  ability  to 
finance  a  war  is  most  important,  if  not  a  controlling  factor, 
and  it  was  a  maxim  of  Alexander  and  Philip  to  procure 
empire  with  money  and  not  money  by  empire,  and,  who,  by 
pursuing  that  maxim,  conquered  the  world.*'^  Sidney  Smith 
says :  ' '  The  warlike  power  of  every  country  depends  on  their 
three  per  cents.  If  Caesar  were  to  reappear  on  earth,  Wetten- 
hall's  List  would  be  more  important  than  his  commentaries; 
Rothschild  would  open  and  shut  the  Temple  of  Janus ;  Thomas 
Baring  or  Bates  would  probably  command  the  Tenth  Legion, 
and  the  soldiers  would  march  to  battle  with  loud  cries  of 
'Scrip  and  Omnium  reduced,'  Consols  and  Csesar.'"'*' 

62  28  Enc.  of  Brittanica,  p.  311   (11th  ed.,  1912). 

63  North's  tr,  of  Plutarch's  "Lives"    (Cleomenes),  p.  677. 

64  Bacon's  "Speech  for  Naturalization"  (Works  ed.,  Spedding,  X, 
p.  324). 

65  Plutarch 's  ' '  Paulus  ^milus. ' ' 

60  Hare's  "Walks  in  London,"  7th  ed.,  Vol.  1,  p.  256. 


46 

Military  organization  has  become  a  science,  studied  both 
by  statesmen  and  soldiers,  and  it  should  be  equipped  with  a 
well-trained  general  staff,  and  a  great  strategist  in  the  field 
or  at  sea  to  be  invincible.  The  idea  of  forging  generals  and 
soldiers  under  the  hammer  of  war  disappears  with  the  advent 
of  ''the  nation  in  arms."  As  a  civilian,  I  cannot  undertake 
to  solve  war  problems ;  for  that  we  must  depend  upon  trained 
army  and  navy  strategists.  Overwhelming  numbers  ade- 
quately trained,  commanded  and  equipped  are  the  only 
means  of  insuring  absolute  security.  But  as  this  is  impossible 
the  only  sound  policy  is  to  take  timely  and  ample  precautions 
against  all  war  matters  that  are  even  remotely  possible.*'^ 
Our  motto  should  be  ' '  Paratus, ' '  ready. . 

The  history  of  the  world  teaches  us  that,  when  a  nation 
becomes  rich  and  attractive  by  reason  of  its  possessions,  ineffi- 
cient, and  given  to  luxury  and  unable  to  protect  itself,  a 
stronger,  coarser,  virile  nation,  used  to  hardships  and  disci- 
pline, always  has  come  along  and  conquered  it.  We  obtained 
our  country  by  war,  and  if  any  nation  should  try  to  conquer 
it,  we  would  fight  to  retain  it,  and  that  would  be  war.  So  we 
may  say  the  fear  of  war  and  its  possible  results,  the  destruction 
of  a  government,  nation,  or  dynasty,  and  loss  of  men  and 
property,  is  the  rock  upon  which  the  dove  of  peace  rests. 
That  peace,  spoken  of  by  Ernest  Crosby :  ' '  The  true  peace  is 
that  of  a  man  or  nation  that  has  the  giant's  strength,  but 
scorns  to  use  it  as  a  giant — that  is  wise  enough  to  see  that  the 
Lord  is  not  in  the  wind,  nor  the  earthquake,  nor  the  fire,  but 
in  the  still  small  voice."  The  mere  prospect  of  an  European 
war  would  work  such  havoc  in  all  ranks  of  society  and  would 
so  endanger  the  whole  economic  and  social  interests  of  Europe, 

67  ' '  Influence  of  Sea  Power  on  History, "  A.  T.  Mahan.  ' '  Future 
Peace  of  the  Anglo-Saxons, ' '  Stewart  Murray.  ' '  The  Brain  of  an  Army, 
War,  Policy,  etc.,"  II.  S.  Wilkinson. 


H   ^ 


2£ 


47 

that  it  is  impossible  to  admit  that  the  governments  would 
not,  before  it  was  too  late,  find  means  to  avoid  it. 

All  governments  are  for  the  protection  and  preservation  of 
society,  i.  e.,  to  insure  the  order,  safety  and  happiness  of  the 
people,  and  necessarily  are  founded  upon  conquest  and  force, 
and  to  exist,  must  possess  the  ability  to  compel  obedience  to 
their  laws,  and  if  their  rights  are  invaded  by  a  foreign  foe, 
to  vindicate  and  maintain  them.  A  government  too  weak  and 
impotent  to  enforce  its  laws  or  protect  its  citizens,  their  per- 
sons and  property,  at  home  or  abroad,  cannot  long  endure. 
On  the  other  hand,  governments  must  be  fair  and  honorable 
to  each  other,  or,  as  Victor  Hugo  tells  us,  "Whoever  says 
today,  might  makes  right,  performs  an  act  of  the  middle  ages 
and  speaks  to  men  three  thousand  years  behind  their  time." 

I  do  not  wish  you  to  think  for  one  moment  that  I  apprehend 
we  are  in  any  immediate  danger  of  war.  We  are  all  one 
brotherhood,  and  there  never  was  a  time,  like  today,  when 
this  fact  is  being  more  and  more  clearly  realized  by  the  nations 
of  the  earth,  but  I  do  say,  however,  that  we  must  not  forget 
the  facts  and  lessons  of  history-unpreparedness,  now  that  we 
have  larger  responsibilities  as  a  world  power  would  be  inex- 
cusable. We  rejoice  in  the  fact  that  the  United  States  today, 
the  youngest  of  all,  is  the  only  great  nation  of  the  world  which 
expends  more  for  education  than  for  war.  France  spends 
annually  $4  per  capita  on  her  army  and  70  cents  per  capita 
on  education;  England  $3.72  on  her  army  and  62  cents  for 
education;  Prussia  $2.04  on  her  army  and  50  cents  for  edu- 
cation; Italy  $1.52  on  her  army  and  36  cents  for  education; 
Austria  $1.36  on  her  army  and  62  cents  for  education;  Rus- 
sia $2.04  on  her  army  and  3  cents  for  education ;  the  United 
States  39  cents  for  her  army  and  $1.35  for  education.  Eng- 
land 6  to  1  for  war !  Russia  17  to  1  for  war !  the  United  States 
4  to  1  for  education!     The  United  States  spends  more  per 


48 

capita  annually  for  education  than  England,  France  and 
Kussia  combined. '  '^^ 

And  we  should  not  lose  sight  of  the  aeroplane  and  dirigible 
balloon  in  war  with  all  their  grim  possibilities  of  bomb- 
throwing  and  transportation  of  troops  that  may  have  the  same 
effect  upon  future  wars  that  the  discovery  of  gunpowder  had. 
The  United  States  only  spent  $140,000  for  this  purpose  in 
1912  as  against  $600,000  by  Japan,  and  five  European  nations 
spent  individual  sums  ranging  from  $2,000,000  to  $6,000,000, 
the  latter  being  the  expenditure  of  France,  We  cannot  solve 
their  vast  possibilities  now  nor  the  effect  of  wireless  telegraphy 
in  time  of  war ;  we  can  only  say  with  Lord  Kelvin :  "  It  does 
not  become  a  man  of  science  to  doubt  the  possibilities  of  any- 
thing." Our  ancestors  did  their  part  nobly  in  the  Colonial 
Wars,  which  paved  the  way  for  the  Revolution,  with  the  result 
we  are  enjoying  the  blessings  of  liberty,  i.  e.,  the  fullness  of 
individual  existence  and  the  right  to  do  everything  permitted 
by  the  laws,  as  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America — a 
nation  known  and  respected  throughout  the  world,  "the  land 
of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave,"  which  it  will  ever  be 
our  duty  to  support,  maintain  and  protect.  We  can  all  sub- 
scribe with  hearty  good  will  to  Dickens'  toast  "England  and 
America.  May  there  never  be  any  dividing  line  but  the 
Atlantic  between  them." 

"We  need  have  no  fears  of  the  future  if  we  will  perform 
every  obligation  of  duty  and  of  citizenship.  If  we  lose  the 
smallest  share  of  our  freedom  we  have  no  one  to  blame  but 
ourselves.  This  country  is  ours,  ours  to  govern,  ours  to  guide, 
ours  to  enjoy.  We  are  both  sovereigns  and  subjects.  All  are 
now  free  subject  henceforth  to  ourselves  alone.  We  pay 
no  homage  to  an  earthly  throne,  only  to  God  we  bend  the  knee. 
The  soldier  did  his  work  and  did  it  well.     The  present  and 

68  Address  by  Dr.  Charles  E.  Skinner  before  N,  E.  A.,  1898. 


*••••••• 
••*■•• 
••••••*• 


•  •  * 


i 


UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    STANDARD 


49 

the  future  are  with  the  citizen  whose  judgment  in  our  free 
country  is  supreme."®^ 

*  *  Our  heart 's  where  they  rocked  our  cradle, 
Our  love  where  we  spent  our  toil 
And  our  faith  and  our  hope  and  our  honor 
We  pledge  to  our  native  soil,  "^o 

69  William  McKinley,  Memorial  Day,  Canton,  Ohio,  May  30,  1894, 
XII,  "Library  Historic  Characters  and  Famous  Events,"  Spofford,  p. 
194,  1895. 

70  "The  Native-Born,"  Eudyard  Kipling,  Scribner  ed.,  1898,  Vol. 
IX,  p.  220. 


50 


OFFICERS   AND    COUNCIL   OF   THE   SO- 
CIETY OF  COLONIAL  WARS  IN  THE 
COMMONWEALTH   OF   PENN- 
SYLVANIA, 1 91 3. 

Oovernor,  Richakd  McCall  Cadwalader,  Esq. 

Deputy-Governor,  John  Thompson  Spencer,   Esq. 

Lieutenant-Governor,  S.  Davis  Page,  Esq. 

Secretary,  Edward  S.  Sayres,  Esq. 

217  South  Third  Street,  Philada. 

Treasurer,  William  Macpherson  Hornor,  Esq. 

Begistrar,  T.  Hewson  Bradford,  M.D. 

Historian,  Gregory  B.  Keen,  Esq. 

Chaplain,  Rt.  Rev.  Cortlandt  Whitehead,  S.T.D., 

Bishop  op  Pittsburgh. 

Gentlemen  of  the  Council. 

(Term  ending  1916.) 

Joseph  B.   Godwin,  Esq. 
Frederick  Prime,  Esq. 
George  Willing,  Esq. 

(Term  ending  1915.) 

Edwin  Swift  Balch,  Esq. 
John  T.  Lewis,  Jr.,  Esq. 
George  Brinton  Phillips,  Esq. 

(Term  ending  1914.) 

George  Cuthbert  Gillespie,  Esq. 
William  Lyttleton  Savage,  Esq. 
Hon.  John  Morin  Scott. 


OFFICERS   OF  THE  GENERAL   SOCIETY 

OF  COLONIAL  WARS   RESIDENT 

IN    PHILADELPHIA. 

EiCHARD  McCall  Cadwalader,  Esq.,  Vice  Governor  General. 
William  Macpherson  Hornor,  Esq.,  Treasurer  General. 
Francis  Howard  Williams,  Esq.,  Deputy  Treasurer  General. 
S.  Davis  Page,  Esq.,  Deputy  Governor  General  for  Penna. 

LIST  OF  MEMBERS  MARCH  15,  1913. 

Ashton,  Dr.  Thomas  G.,  1814  Rittenhouse  Sq. 

Ashton,  Dr.  W.  Easterly,  2011  Walnut  St. 

Baird,  Oliver  Hopkinson,  905  Walnut  St.,  Phila. 

Baker,  Frederick  Diller,  1610  Summer  St. 

Balch,  Edwin  Swift,  1412  Spruce  St. 

Balch,  Thomas  Willing,  1412  Spruce  St. 

Banks,  George  Washington,  2043  Spruce  St. 

Barratt,  Hon.  Norris  Stanley,  315  S.  17th  St. 

Beale,  Leonard  Tillinghast,  705  Lafayette  Bldg. 

Benson,  Alexander,  2107  Walnut  St. 

Bettle,  Samuel,  32  E.  33d  St.,  New  York  City. 

Biddle,  Dr.  Thomas,  Philadelphia  Club. 

Binney,  Charles  Chauncey,  1018  Stock  Exchange  Bldg. 

Bradford,  Dr.  T.  Hewson,  1802  DeLaneey  PI. 

Brice,  Philip  Howard,  1004  West  End  Building. 

Brooke,  George,  Jr.,  Birdsboro,  Pa. 

Brinton,  Dr.  Ward,  1423  Spruce  St. 

Brown,  John  Douglass,  4037  Walnut  St. 

Brown,  Louis,  Box  91,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Buehler,  Rear  Admiral  William  George,  U.  S.  N.,  Retired, 

124  S.  17th  St. 
Cabeen,  Francis  von  Albade,  910  Arcade  Bldg. 

51 


52 

Cadwalader,  Richard  McCall,  Fort  Washington,  Pa. 

Cadwalader,  Thomas,  Fort  Washington,  Pa. 

Castle,  William  Henry,  4241  Walnut  St. 

Chauncey,  Charles,  251  S.  4th  St. 

Childs,  Starling  Winston,  14  Wall  St.,  New  York  City. 

Coates,  Edward  Hornor,  517  Chestnut  St. 

Colket,  George  Hamilton,  1700  Rittenhouse  St. 

Colket,  Charles  Howard,  2008  DeLancey  PI. 

Collins,  Henry  Hill,  Jr.,  1712  Locust  St. 

Converse,  Col.  Charles  Allen,  500  N.  Broad  St. 

Cooke,  James  Welch,  2110  Walnut  St. 

Corbin,  Elbert  Augustus,  Jr.,  Vo  Abram  Cox  Stove  Co.,  Amer- 
ican and  Dauphin  Sts. 

Coxe,  John  Lyman,  1219  Locust  St. 

Cragin,  Charles  Isaiah,  119  S.  4th  St. 

Crothers,  Stevenson,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Curwen,  Samuel  M.,  Haverford,  Pa. 

Da  Costa,  Charles  F.,  752  Bullitt  Bldg. 

Darrach,  Henry,  4101  Spruce  St. 

De  Benneville,  James  S.,  26  D  Bluff,  Yokohoma,  Japan. 

Doran,  Joseph  Ingersoll,  1201  Arcade  Bldg. 

Elliot,  Richard  McCall,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

Fahnestock,  James  F.,  Jr.,  Broad  St.  Station. 

Felton,  Edgar  Conway,  Haverford,  Pa. 

Fiske,  Louis  Samuel,  2042  Locust  St. 

Fitzhugh,  Genl.  Charles  Lane,  939  Beech  Ave.,  N.  S.  Pitts 
burgh.  Pa. 

Flagg,  Stanley  Griswold,  1723  Spruce  St. 

Forbes,  William  Innes,  212  Real  Estate  Trust  Bldg. 

Forney,  Brig.  Genl.  James,  U.  S.  M.  C,  2221  Spruce  St. 

Forrest,  Herbert  Molton,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Francine,  Dr.  Albert  Philip,  218  S.  15th  St. 

Frazer,  Pay  Director  Reah,  U.  S.  N.,  Navy  Pay  Office,  New 
York  City. 


53 

Frazier,  William  W.,  250  S.  18th  St. 
Furber,  William  Copeland,  418  Walnut  St. 
Galloney,  Frank  Hutchinson,  Devon,  Pa. 
Gest,  Alexander  P.,  Supt.  P.  R.  R.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 
Gest,  Hon.  John  Marshall,  City  Hall. 
Gillespie,  George  Cuthbert,  Moorestown,  N.  J. 
Gilpin,  Francis  Hopkinson,  '260  S.  15th  St. 
Gilpin,  George,  Vo  Starr  &  Co.,  400  Chestnut  St. 
Godfrey,  Lincoln,  2009  Spruce  St. 
Godwin,  Joseph  Brown,  911  Pine  St. 
Goodrich,  William,  139  Highland  Ave.,  Chestnut  Hill. 
Griseom,  Clement  A.,  Jr.,  90  West  St.,  New  York  City. 
Griscom,  Rodman  Ellison,  Haverford,  Pa. 
Grubb,  Genl.  E.  Burd,  Kearny,  N.  J. 
Hale,  Arthur,  30  Vesey  St.,  New  York  City. 
Hall,  William  Penn  Gaskell,  Paoli,  Penna. 
Hammond,  William  B.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Harvey,  Richard  Wistar,  226  S.  19th  St. 
Hatfield,  Henry  Reed,  1725  Walnut  St. 
Haughton,  John  Paul,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Haughton,  Richard,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Hayden,  Rev.  Horace  E.,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 
Hopkinson,  Edward,  1424  Spruce  St. 
Herman,  John  Armstrong,  Box  377,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Hornor,  William  Macpherson,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 
Hough,  Oliver,  24  S.  State  St.,  Newtown,  Bucks  Co.,  Pa. 
Houston,  Samuel  Frederic,  Druim  Moire,  St.  Martin's,  Phila. 
Houston,  William  Churchill,  Jr.,  Germantown. 
Howe,  George  Allaire,  Vo  Colonial  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Howe,  Dr.  Herbert  Marshall,  1622  Locust  St. 
Hunter,  Richard  Stockton,  1413  Locust  St. 
Huidekoper,  Thomas  Wallis,  American  Ranch,  Melville,  Sweet 
Grass  Co.,  Montana. 


54 

Johnson,  Edward  H.,  2211  Walnut  St. 

Jones,  Richmond  Leigh,  Reading,  Pa. 

Keen,  Gregory  B.,  1300  Locust  St. 

Kennard,  Joseph  Spencer,  Land  Title  Bldg. 

Klapp,  Dr.  William  Henry,  2223  DeLancey  PI. 

Lamberton,  James  M.,  216  Market  St.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Landreth,  Burnet,  Jr.,  Bristol,  Pa. 

Landreth  David,  Bristol,  Pa. 

Landreth,  S.  Phillips,  Bristol,  Pa. 

Lardner,  James  Lawrence,  121  S.  22d  St. 

Lawrence,  William  Watson,  3  Lincoln  Ave.,  Allegheny,  Pa. 

Leach,  Col.  Josiah  Granville,  2118  Spruce  St. 

Lee,  Dr.  Edmund  Jennings,  1812  Rittenhouse  Sq. 

Lennig,  Charles  F.,  Andalusia,  Pa. 

Lennig,  George  Grossmann,  2304  Spruce  St. 

LeRoy,  Rev.  Jacob,  8020  St.  Martin's  Lane,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Levick,  Lewis  J.,  Land  Title  Bldg. 

Levis,  Samuel  W.,  2215  Locust  St. 

Lewis,  David,  526  Walnut  St. 

Lewis,  John  T.,  Jr.,  1000  Spruce  St. 

Liggett,  Sidney  B.,  916  Union  Station,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Lloyd,  Malcolm,  Jr.,  1404  Land  Title  Bldg. 

Longacre,  James  Barton,  558  Bullitt  Bldg. 

McElroy,  Clayton,  2012  Pine  St. 

Mcllvain,  Edward  Morton,  71  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

Mcllvaine,  William,  Reading,  Pa, 

]\IcKnight,  Charles,  958  Penn  Ave.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

MclMichael,  Hon.  Charles  Barnsley,  2039  De  Lancey  Place, 
Phila. 

Marston,  John,  3d,  Lieut.  U.  S.  M.  C,  Vo  Naval  Prison,  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H. 

Martin,  Hon.  Jonathan  Willis,  1721  Locust  St. 

Mason,  George  C,  Jr.,  Ardmore,  Penna. 


55 

Mayer,  Henry  C,  Jr.,  250  S.  23d  St. 

Mercur,  James  Watts,  Wallingford,  Pa. 

Mereur,  Rodney  A.,  Towanda,  Pa. 

Meredith,  Philip  Taliaferro,  1605  N.  Front  St.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Middleton,  Merle,  2200  Pine  St. 

Milne,  Jr.  Caleb  Jones,  2029  Walnut  St. 

Milne,  David,  School  House  Lane,  Germantown. 

Morrell,  Edward  de  Veaux,  1421  Chestnut  St. 

Montgomery,  Archibald  Roger,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

Montgomery,  Dr.  James  Henry,  230  W.  10th  St.,  Erie,  Pa. 

Morgan,  Fisher  Corlies,  503  Mutual  Life  Bldg. 

Morris,  Jr.  Frederick  Wistar,  Wyncote,  Pa. 

Morris,  Dr.  Henry,  313  S.  16th  St. 

Morris,  Roland  Sletor,  1617  Land  Title  Bldg. 

Munson,  Cyrus  LaRue,  Williamsport,  Pa. 

Newell,  William  H.,  Pottsville,  Pa. 

Norris,  C.  C.  Pinckney,  Philadelphia  Club. 

Norris,  George  W.,  511  Chestnut  St. 

Page,  Oliver  Ormsby,  5724  Darlington  Road,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Page,  S.  Davis,  281  S.  4th  St. 

Paul,  J.  Rodman,  903  Pine  St. 

Paul,  Lawrence  Taylor,  Villa  Nova,  Pa. 

Pearson,  George,  Supreme  Court,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Penny  packer,  Hon.  Samuel  W.,  Pennypacker's  Mills,  Pa. 

Perkins,  Charles  Penrose,  2005  DeLancey  PI. 

Perkins,  Rowan  Penrose,  2005  DeLancey  PI. 

Peters,  Richard,  Jr.,  Barker,  Del.  Co.,  Pa. 

Phillips,  George  Brinton,  2007  DeLancey  PI. 

Phillips,  Morris  Shallcross,  Box  523,  Redlands,  Calif. 

Pleasants,  Henry,  Wayne,  Pa. 

Price,  Eli  Kirk,  709  Walnut  St. 

Prime,  Frederick,  1008  Spruce  St. 

Raymond,  Henry  Warren,  6335  Burbridge  St.,  Germantown. 


56 

Kiley,  George  Wolf,  Front  &  Riley  Sts.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Richards,  Joseph  Thomas,  3914  Walnut  St. 

Rogers,  James  Slocum,  602  Commonwealth  Bldg. 

Runk,  Louis  Barcroft,  1832  Land  Title  Bldg. 

Russell,  Alexander  Wilson,  Jr.,  434  S.  42d  St. 

Savage,  William  Lyttleton,  1211  Spruce  St. 

Sayres,  Edward  S.,  1825  Spruce  St. 

Schwartz,  Frank  Nicholson,  Box  594,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Schwartz,  John  Loeser,  Box  594,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Scott,  Alexander  H.,  1806  Rittenhouse  Sq. 

Scott,  John  Morin,  118  S.  18th  St. 

Scott,  John  Reed,  Gettysburg,  Pa. 

Scott,  Lewis  Allaire,  Jr.,  Room  1008,  1321  Walnut  St. 

Sellers,  Edwin  Jaquett,  1830  Pine  St. 

Silvester,  Learoyd,  Cynwyd,  Pa. 

Sims,  Joseph  Patterson,  Gravers  Lane,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Smith,  Albert  York,  612  Bakewell  Bldg.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Smith,  Thomas  Kilby,  Torresdale,  Pa. 

Smith,  William  Rudolph,  2029  Pine  St. 

Spencer,  John  Thompson,  1507  Spruce  St. 

Starr,  Isaac,  Jr.,  240  Dock  St. 

Starr,  Dr.  Louis,  1818  Rittenhouse  Sq. 

Stevens,  John  Conyngham,  Rydal,  Pa. 

Stryker,  Dr.  Samuel  Stanhope,  3833  Walnut  St. 

Taylor,  Carter  Berkeley,  2129  Pine  St. 

Taylor,  J.  Bonsall,  Drexel  Bldg. 

Tyler,  Dr.  George  Trotter,  Owensboro,  Ky. 

Tyler,  Sidney  F.,  1234  Land  Title  Bldg. 

van  Syckel,  Rev.  N.  Dunham,  Bond  Brook,  N.  J. 

Wainwright,  Clement  Reeves,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Wainwright,  Francis  King,  Bryn  MawT,  Penna. 

Walbridge,  Charles  Carter,  8306  Seminole  Ave.,  St.  Martin's. 

Warren,  Henry  Mather,  Devon,  Pa. 


57 

Warren,  Henry  Mather,  Jr.,  Devon,  Pa. 
Watmough,  John  G.,  2114  Walnut  St. 
Wayne,  William,  Paoli,  Pa. 
Wharton,  Bromley,  714  Bulletin  Bldg.,  Phila. 
Wharton,  Charles,  Jr.,  1171  Murray  Hill  Ave.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Whitehead,  Rt.  Rev.  Cortlandt,  Ellsworth  Ave.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Wilbur,  Kenneth,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Wilbur,  Rollin  Henry,  437  Chestnut  St. 
Williams,  David  Evans,  Bala,  Pa. 

Williams,  Francis  Howard,  5349  Greene  St.,  Germantown. 
Williams,  Dr.  Joseph  John  Gurney,  2026  Pine  St. 
Williams,  J.  Randall,  Haverford,  Pa. 
Willing,  George,  Chestnut  Hill. 

Wirgman,  Harold  Franklin,  Lieut.  U.  S.  M.  C,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 
Wirgman,  William  Wayne,  Paoli,  Pa. 
Wister,  Alexander  Wilson,  201  Walnut  PI. 
Wister,  Rodman,  Bullett  Building,  Phila. 
Wood,  Joseph,  Ellsworth  Ave.,  Shady  Side,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Wright,  Rev.  Harrison  Baldwin,  St.  Asaph's  Rectory,  Bala,  Pa. 


Index  of  Names. 


Addison,  6 

Allen,  Francis  Olcott,  9 

Anderson,  Gen.  Robert,  29 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  Governor,  29 

Anne,  Reign  of,  16 

Audubon,  29 

Bakh,  Edwin  Swift,  9,  28,  51 

Balch,  Thomas  Willing,  28,  51 

Barratt,  13 

Barratt,  Genealogy,  14 

Barratt,  Norris  S.,  frontispiece,  7, 

13,  14,  35,  51 
Bayard,  29 
Beaver,  Governor,  3 
Benezet,  29 
Bennett,  5 

Berry,  Bishop  Joseph  F.,  19 
Binney,   Charles   Chauncey,   10 
Bisson,  29 
Boileau,  29 
Borie,  29 
Boudenot,  29 
Bouquet,  Brig,  Gen.  Henry,  8,  11, 

40 
Bouvier,  29 

Braddock,  General,  32,  33 
Bradford,  Dr.  T.  Hewson,  50,  51 
Breuil,  29 
Brian,  13 


Brumbaugh,  Martin  G.,  10 
Byron,  6 

Cadwalader,   Richard   McCall,    26, 

50,  52 
Campbell,  John,   Earl   of  Loudon, 

41 
Cannon,  17 

Carlyle,  Col.  John,  32 
Carpenter,  Louis  H.,  Gen.,  9 
Charles  II,  Reign  of,  16,  24 
Charon,  6 
Clapier,  29 
Clay,  Alfred  G.,  14 
Cowper,  6 
Corneille,  6 
Cresson,  29 
Crosby,  Ernest,  46 
Curtis,  John,  13,  14 

Dallas,  17,  29 
Dana,  5 

Darrach,  Henry,  9 
De  Benneville,  29 
De  Fresnis,  29 

De  Frontenac,  Louis  de  Buade,  28 
D'de  Lagerantz,  H.  L.,  Ambassa- 
dor, 26 
De  la  Plaine,  29 
De  la  Roche,  29 


58 


59 


De  la  Val,  29 

de  Montcalm,  Marquis,  41 

Deschapelle,  29 

Dewey,  Admiral  George,  29 

Dinwiddie,  Governor,  31 

Donehoo,  Kev.  Dr.  George  P.,  5 

Doz,  29 

Dubree,  29 

Duche,  29 

Dulany,  Daniel,  34 

Dunne,  E.  P.,  6 

Duponceau,  29 

Dupont,  29 

Du  Portail,  29 

Dutilh,  29 

Duval,  29 

Fahnestock,  James  F.,  Jr.,  30 

Fisher,  Sydney  George,  14,  15,  43 

Fiske,  Historian,  12 

Forbes,  Brig.-Gen.,  37,  43 

Forbes,  General  John,  8,  43 

Forbes,  General,  7,  42 

Forney,  5 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  15 

Frazer,  Dr.  Persifer,  9 

Fremont,  Gen.  John  C,  29 

Galladet,  29 

Gallatin,  29 

Gallatin,  Albert,  29 

Gardettes,  29 

Garfield,  President  James  A.,  29 

George  First,  16 

George  Second,  16 

George  Third,  16 

Geyelin,  29 

Girard,  29 

Gillespie,  George  Cuthbert,  9,  50 

Goldsmith,  6 

Godwin,  Joseph  B.,  50,  53 

Gookin,  Governor,  15 

Gorgas,  William  L.,  E.W.G.M.,  37 

Grafton,  Duke  of,  13 

Gray,  6 

Greeley,  5 

Gustav  v.,  26 


Halstead,  5 

Hamilton,   Governor    Andrew,    15 

Hamlin,  V.  P.  Hannibal,  29 

Hand,  Judge,  11 

Henderson,  G.  F.  E.,  44 

Homer,  6 

Horner,  William  Macpherson,  50- 

53 
Hulbert,  Archer  B.,  33 

James,  Duke  of  York,  24 

James  Second,  16 

Jenkins,  15 

Jerrold,  Douglass,  12 

Johnson,  Prof.  Amandus,  6,  20 

Jourdan,  29 

Keating,  29 

Keen,  Gregory  B,,  50-54 
Kelly,   Mrs.,   "Ancestors,"    12 
Kipling,  Lines  of,  6 
Kipling,  Rudyard,  49 

Lafayette,  29 

LaFollette,  Eobert,  U.  S.  Senator, 

29 
Lagercrantz,  Hon.  H.  L.  de,  26 
LaSalle,  29 
Laussatt,   29 
Lavel,  29 
Le  Brun,  29 
Lee,  45 

Lewis,  John  T.,  50,  54 
Leisler,  Jacob,  29 
Lejambe,  29 
Leroy,  29 

Lewis,  Dr.  Ernest  D.,  28 
Loudon,  Hon.  Jonkheer  J.,  10 
Louis  XIV,  28 
Lowther,  George,  Atty.-Genl.,   15 

Macauley,   11 

Maguire,    29 

Mahan,  A.  F.,  46 

Markham,  William,  Lt.   Governor, 

Grave  of,  15 
Marion,  Francis,  29 


60 


Mason,   George   Champlin,  9 

Maury,  29 

Medill,  0 

Mestrezat,  29 

Milton,  6 

Montaigne,  6 

Montcalm,  41 

Murray,  Stewart,  46 

McCarthy,  Judge  Henry  J.,   12 

McKenzie,    George    Norbury,    Lt.- 

Gov.  of  Maryland,  14 
McKinley,  President  William,  20 
McMichael,  5 

Napoleon,  45 

Netherlands,  Minister  of,  10 

O'Brien,  Mrs.,  12 

Ochs,  George  W.,  7 

Page,  S.  Davis,  10,  50,  55 

Page,  S.  Davis,  Lt.-Governor,  13 

Parkman,   28 

Pell,  Howland,  10 

Penn,  29 

Penn,  Admiral,  24 

Penn,  William,  13,  23 

Penn,  John,  25 

Pennypacker,  Hon.  Samuel  W.,  29, 

32,  33,  55 
Perrine,  29 
Perrine,  William,  5 
Pitt,  Wm.  Prime  Minister,  41 
Pitt,  Sir  William,  35 
Phillips,  George  Brinton,  50,  55 
Pope,  6 

Post,  Christian  P.,  5 
Prime,  Frederick,  Lt.-Gov.  of  the 

Society,  8,  9,  50,  55 
Prevost,  29 

Quay,  Senator,  3 

Eawle,  William  Brooke,  26 
Reboteau,  29 
Repplier,   29 
Revere,  Paul,  29 
Reyburn,  Hon.  John  E.,  10 


Richards,   Henry   M,   Muhlenberg, 

42 
Rodney's  of  Delaware,  13 
Roche,  Sir  Boyle,  7 
Roosevelt,  Col.  Theodore,  28 
Rosengarten,  Col.  Joseph  G.,  28 
Rosseau,  29 
Rozet,  29 
Runk,  Louis  B.,  10,  31 

Sachse,  Dr.  Julius  F.,  35,  42 
Savage,  William  Littleton,  50,  56 
Sargent,  Winthrop,  33 
Sayres,  Edward  Stalker,  50,  56 
Saunders,  Frederick,  4,  6 
Scott,  John  Morin,  50,  56 
Shakespeare,  6 

Shippen,  Dr.  Edward,  U.  S.  N.,  8 
Smith,  Sidney,  45 
Smith,  Dr.  Grand  Secretary,  36,  37 
Smith,  Rev.  William,  35 
Smith,  William  Rudolph,  35 
Snowden,    Maj.-Gen.    George   Ran- 
dolph, 20 
Spofford,  49 
Stanwix,  General,  37 
Steele,  3 

Stille,  Dr.  Charles  J.,  34,  42 
Stuyvesant,  Governor  Peter,  26 
Sulzberger,  Hon.  Mayer,  22 
Sweden,  Minister  of,  10 

Thomas,  Governor,  15 

Thouron,  29 

Tissiere,  29 

Todd,  Hon.   M.   Hampton,  10 

Troubat,  29 

Van  Obden,  Herr,  24 
Vanuxem,  29 
Vauclain,  29 

Wanamaker,  Hon.  John,  42 
Warren,  Gen.  Joseph,  29 
Washington,   31,  32 
Washington,    George,    in    Pennsyl- 
vania, 33 


61 


Washington  and  his  Masonic  Com- 
peers, 32 

Watterson,  5 

Westcott,  Thompson,  5 

Wetherill,  Charles,  10 

Whitehead,  Eight  Eev.  Courtlandt, 
8,  39 


Wilkins,  Lt.-Col.,  36 
Wilkinson,  H.  S.,  46 
William  and  Mary,  Reign  of,  16 
Williams,  Francis  Howard,  9 
Wolfe,  General  James,  41,  43 

Young,  John  Russell,  15 


Index  of  Subjects. 


Aeroplane   and   Dirigible   Balloon, 

48 
American  Criminal  Trials,  30 
American  Literature,  9 
Ancestors,  12 

Anderson's  Law  Dictionary,  17 
Anglo-Saxons,  Peace  of,  46 
Ark  and  Dove,  Sailing  of,  10 
Army,  War  Policy,  etc..  Brains  of, 

46 
Arts  in  America  Before  the  Eevo- 

lution,  9 
Associated,     Eegiment,     Poot,     of 

Philadelphia,    Army    of,    8 
Athenians,  Defeat  of,  22 
Automobile  Accidents,   21 

Barrack  Eoom  Ballads,  6 

Battle  of  Blenheim  and  Pultowa, 

22 
Battle  of  the  World,  22 
Beginners  of  a  Nation,  The,  30 
Blankard,  v.  Galdy,  17 
Book  of  Nature,  Good,  23 
Boston  Massacre,  43 
Braddoek's  Defeat,  16,  31,  33,  35, 

37 
Bronze  Tablet,  8 
Burgoyne,  Defeat  of,  22 


Campington,  Camptown,   16 

Capitol  of  American  Nation,  The, 
10 

Chapel  and  Methodism  (Bar- 
ratt's),  7 

Charges  Against  the  King,  43 

Charter  to  Penn,  24 

Charter,  Pennsylvania  Power  of,  15 

Christ  Church,  8,  41 

Christian's  Eights  to  Bear  Arms, 
20 

Clontarf,  Battle  of,  13 

Colonial  Architecture,  9 

Colonial  Families,    14 

Colonial  Flag,  The,  9 

Colonial  History,  7,  10 

Colonial  Wars,  3,  41 

Commencement  of  the  Eevolution, 
43 

Commonwealth  v.  O  'Donnell,  Home- 
stead Case,  21 

Dallas,   17 

Declaration    of   Independence,    17, 

43 
Defeat  of  Montcalm  and  Death  of, 

41 
Dickson  v.  U.  S.,  19 
Doctrine  of  Tenures,  25 


62 


63 


Dutch  Fleet,  24 

Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies,   12 

Dutch  Sovereignty,  27 

Encyclopedia  Britannica,  45 
English  Settlement  of,  First,  7 
Epistles,  13 

Epitome  of  History,  Ploetz,  28 
Evening  Bulletin,  The,  5 

Fire  Marks,  9 

Fire  Protection,  9 

First  Capitol,  American  Nation,  10 

First  Continental  Congress,  43 

First  Fort  Pitt,  1758 

Fong  Yui  Ting  v.  U.  S.,  Texas  v. 
White,  19 

Fong  Yui  Ting  v.  U.  S.,  Chinese 
Exclusion  Cases,  19 

Fort  Duquesne,  32 

Fort  Duquesne,  Capture  of,  5,  8, 
39 

Fort  Louisburg,  31 

Fort  Louisburg,  Sieges  of,  10,  47 

Fort  Pitt  and  its  Environs,  39 

Fort  Pitt,  Plan  of,  in  1761,  40 

Fort  William  Henry,  32 

Franklin 's  Pennsylvania  Gazette, 
11 

Freemasonry  in  Pennsylvania,  35 

French  Blood  in  America,  29 

French  and  Canadian  Prisoners,  41 

French  and  Indian  War  Debt, 
England's,  43 

French  and  Indian  War  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 42 

Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania,  42 

General  Eegister  Society  of  Colo- 
nial Wars,  14 

General  Title  of  the  Penn  Family 
to  Pennsylvania,  26 

Gettysburg,  Battle  of,  22 

Gibraltar,  Bishop  of,  4 

Hazard's  Annals,  24 

Historic  Highways  of  America,  33 


Historic    Characters    and    Famous 

Events,  20 
Historical  Review  of  Pennsylvania, 

34 
Historical  Writing,  6 
Historical  Pageant,  7 
Historical  Society  of  Delaware,  7 
Historical  Address,  8 
History  of  English  People,  Green 's, 

43 
Hoare  v.  Allen,  21 

Inhabitants,    Pennsylvania,     1740, 

How  Divided,  33 
Inter-Colonial  Wars,  Important,  27 

Jamestown,  Settlement  of,  7 
Joan  of  Arc's  Victory  over  the  Eng- 
lish, 22 
Judges,  Opinion  to  Governor,  18 
Junius,  Letters,  13 

King  George's  War,  15,  31 
King's  Troops,  16 
King  William's  War,  30 

Legal  Tender  Cases,  17 

Library   Historic   Characters,   etc., 

49 
Lodge  No.  2,  35 
Louisiana  Purchase,  29 

Marlborough's  March,  45 

Massachusetts  Bay  Lost  her  Char- 
ter, 29 

Military  Affairs  in  Pennsylvania 
and   Maryland,   40 

Military  Sermons,  35 

Mississippi,  Explanation  of,  29 

Montreal  Surrendered,  41 

Monuments  and  Memorials,  9 

Marie  Cahill  v.  Harris,  11 

Memorial  Tablet,  8 

My  Family  Tree,  11 

McCullough  V.  Maryland,  17 

McKinley,  Memorial  Day,  49 

Native  Born,  The,  49 


64 


Naturalization,  Speech  for,  45 
Naval  Display  on  the  Delaware,  26 
New  England,  Governor  of,  29 
New  York,  A  Eoyal  Colony,  29 

Parliament,  Asserted  Eight  to  Tax, 
43 

Paul  to  Titus,  Epistle,  13 

Peace  Spoken  of,  That,  46 

Penn,  Death  of,  14 

Pennsylvania  Archives,  14 

Pennsylvania,  Colonial  and  Fed- 
eral History,  15 

Pennsylvania,  Colony  of  Common- 
wealth, 14,  15,  40 

Pennsylvania,  Grant  of,  25 

Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History 
and  Biography,  28,  33,  35,  38, 
40,  43 

People  Killed,  Various  Industries, 
21 

Per  Capita  Tax  for  Army  and 
Education,  47 

Philadelphia,  Colonial  History,  10 

Philadelphia,  History  of,  15 

Philadelphia  Occupied  by  the  Brit- 
ish, 43 

Philadelphia,  Population  of  in 
1763,  41 

Plutarch's  Lives,  45 

Portrait  of  Brig.-Genl.  Boquet,  8 

Provincial  Council,  14 

Public  Ledger,  The,  7,  8 

Publications,  Pennsylvania-German 
Society,  42 

Quaker,  Influence  of,  10 
Quakers  in  Provincial  Wars,  34 
Queen  Anne's  War,  15,  30 

Repeal  of  All  Taxes  except   Tea, 

1769,  43 
Republiea  v.  Sweers,  19 
Right  Wor.  Gr.  Lodge,  F.  &  A.  M., 

35 
Rise,  Indignation,  Rise,  Pity,  etc., 

38 


Roman  Legions,  Defeat  of,  22 

Royal  Colony,  29 

Ryswick,  The  Treaty  of,  30 

St.  Matthew,  20 

Salad  for  the  Solitary,  6 

Sea  Power,  Influence  of,  46 

Second  Continental  Congress,  43 

Sermon,  French  and  Indian  Wars, 

35 
Seven  Year  War,  32 
Seventeenth  Regiment  of  Foot,  17, 

42,  44 
Sinews  of  War,  The,  45 
Sons  of  Delaware,  13 
Spanish  Armada,  Defeat  of,  22 
Speech,  Prest.  Wm.  McKinley,  20 
Speech  for  Naturalization,  45 
State  V.  Gut,  21 
Suffrage    and    Elections,   Province 

of  Pennsylvania,  10 
Swedish  Settlements,  26,  27 
Swedish  Sovereignty,  27 

Tablets,  Bronze,  City  HaU,  9 
Treaties  of  Breda,  28 
Treaty  of  Paris,  41 
Troops  in  Mexican  War,  20 
Troops  (Union)  in  the  Civil  War, 

20 
Troops  Raised,  15 
Troops  in  the  Revolution,  20 
Troops  in  the  War  of  1812,  20 

United  States  of  America,  17 
United  States  Circuit  Court,  11 
United  States  v.  The  Nancy,  17 
Upbuilding  of  Nations  by  War,  20 

Valmy,  Battle  of,  22 

Walks  in  London,  45 

War    between    Great    Britain    and 

Colonies,  17 
War  Customs,  23 
Ware  v.  Hilton,  17 


wm.  fffi^Awy 


65 

Washington,    George,    in    Pennsyl-  William  and  Mary  College,  30 

vania,  33  Wireless  Telegraphy,  48 

Washington's     Army     at     Valley  Works  of  Wm.  Smith,  D.D.,  38 
Forge,  43 

Waterloo,  Battle  of,  22  Yale  College,  30 

Wettenhall's  List,  45  York,  Duke  of,  Laws,  14 


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